Spatial patterns of health clinic in Malaysia

Hazrin, H.; Fadhli, Y.; Tahir, Ayesha; Safurah, J; Kamaliah, M. N.; Noraini, M. Y.

doi:10.4236/health.2013.512287

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…For private clinics, they were mainly located in urban areas (Fig. 1b), similar as previously reported [12,13].…”

Section: Descriptivesupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Rural population often have the issue of the lack of access to health care services as compared to urban counterpart [5][6][7], largely constrained by the travel impedance and availability of the services [8][9][10]. Similar situation also occurred in Malaysia where less developed areas in Malaysia generally had lower access in term of provider-to-population ratios [11], especially the private sector which were mainly located in urban areas [12,13]. Nonetheless, health care services and population demand are hardly to be equally distributed [9].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Spatial Accessibility to Primary Care in Dual Public-Private Health System in Malaysia: A Case Study in Rural Selangor

Hamid

Juni

Manaf

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background:Disparities of access to health services in rural areas is a global health issue, especially in middle income countries including Malaysia. Recent method called enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) exhibit promising results in quantifying the health care accessibility. This study aimed to describe and explore the pattern of spatial accessibility to primary care services based on secondary data.Methods:The E2SFCA method were adapted to measure the level of accessibility to primary care across rural area in Selangor state of Malaysia, with slight modification to suit our local context considering for public and private providers as well as incorporating clinic’s availability factor into the original formula. For each provider, spatial pattern of accessibility scores was mapped, spatial autocorrelation local Moran’s I and Getis-Ord-Gi* was performed and the degree of equality was computed based on Gini index.Results:Areas with high E2SFCA scores mainly concentrated encircling the periphery of the large urban areas at the centre of the state, largely contributed by the private sector whereas low E2SFCA scores areas observed predominantly at the northern region and along the coastal region. As a whole, the E2SFCA scores across rural Selangor population was fairly equal but lower degree of equality was observed at the northern region of the state.Conclusions:The level and distribution of E2SFCA scores reflects the performance of the primary health care. Findings from this study provides insight for the health authorities to identify disparities of access to primary care services and areas that need attention, hence would be basis for future health care planning and resource distribution.

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“…For private clinics, they were mainly located in urban areas (Fig. 1b), similar as previously reported [12,13].…”

Section: Descriptivesupporting

confidence: 86%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Accessibility to Primary Care in Dual Public-Private Health System in Malaysia: A Case Study in Rural Selangor

Hamid

Juni

Manaf

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…The importance of GIS mapping in health programme monitoring and displaying performance indicators is highlighted in various studies3 6 11 despite the arguments of high cost and limitations in technical knowledge 12 13. For example, countries like Kenya, Ghana, Rwanda and Malaysia have applied this technology to data-driven health decision-making 14–17. Countries like Canada have used it to monitor the spread of West Nile virus 18.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using spatial analysis and GIS to improve planning and resource allocation in a rural district of Bangladesh

et al. 2019

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The application of a geographic information system (GIS) in public health is relatively common in Bangladesh. However, the use of GIS for planning, monitoring and decision-making by local-level managers has not been well documented. This assessment explored how effectively local government health managers used maps with spatial data for planning, resource allocation and programme monitoring. The United States Agency for International Development-funded MaMoni Health Systems Strengthening project supported the introduction of the maps into district planning processes in 2015 and 2016. GIS maps were used to support the prioritisation of underserved unions (the lowest administrative units) and clusters of disadvantaged communities for the allocation of funds. Additional resources from local government budgets were allocated to the lowest performing unions for improving health facility service readiness and supervision. Using a mixed-methods approach, the project evaluated the outputs of this planning process. District planning reports, population-based surveys, local government annual expenditure reports and service availability and utilisation data were reviewed. The goal was to determine the degree to which district planning teams were able to use the maps for their intended purpose. Key informant interviews were conducted with upazila (subdistrict) managers, elected government representatives and service providers to understand how the maps were used, as well as to identify potential institutionalisation scopes. The project observed improvements in health service availability and utilisation in the highest priority unions in 2016. Quick processing of maps during planning sessions was challenging. Nevertheless, managers and participants expressed their satisfaction with the use of spatial analysis, and there was an expressed need for more web-based GIS both for improving community-level service delivery and for reviewing performance in monthly meetings. Despite some limitations, the use of GIS maps helped local health managers identify health service gaps, prioritise underserved unions and monitor results.

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“…There is a sizable literature on the population of Malaysia at the national level (Arshat et al, 1988;Chander et al, 1977;Hugo, 2011;Khoo, 2005;Leete, 1989Leete, , 1996Leete, , 2007NPFDB, 2016;Saw, 2007;Sidhu & Jones, 1981;Tey et al, 2015Tey et al, , 2020. The few spatial demographic analyses revealed wide differentials in demographic dynamics, health behavior, and health care utilization across districts and smaller geographical areas (Abd Majid et al, 2019;Abdul Rashid, 2017;Azreena et al, 2016;Hazrin et al, 2013;Ling et al, 2014;Masron et al, 2012;Md Bohari et al, 2019;Tey et al, 1985). The earliest studies on assessing the quality of vital registration data may be mentioned in Hirschman and Tan's (1971) work on evaluating mortality data in vital statistics and Shamsuddin and Lieberman's (1998) work on linking death reports with birth and death certificates.…”

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confidence: 99%

Deficiency in civil registration and vital statistics reporting in remote areas: the case of Sabah, Malaysia

Lai

Tey

2021

Genus

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Malaysia has a well-established civil registration system dating back to the 1960s. Birth registration is virtually complete at the national level. However, the quality of civil registration in some remote areas is doubtful, as evidenced by the abnormally low birth and death rates in several districts. This study focuses on identifying districts in Sabah, where the reporting of births seems problematic. Sabah is the least developed state in Malaysia, and it is sparsely populated, despite being the second most populous state in the country. Sabah’s civil registration lags behind the other states, to the extent that birth and death statistics were not reported for the state in the vital statistics report for the period 2000 to 2009. A 2016 study found that death registration is almost 100%, except for Sabah (88%). The plausible reasons behind the ultra-low birth rate reported in several remote districts in Sabah include misreporting of the place of occurrence as the usual residence, delayed reporting, non-coverage, ignorance of the law, inaccessibility, presence of a large number of migrants, miscommunication, and errors in data entry. The under-reporting of births may have serious consequences, such as misallocation of resources and deprivation of services to those affected. In line with the transformative promise of “leaving no one behind,” the Sustainable Development Goals urge all countries to strive to improve data quality for planning; this includes complete birth registration for creating effective development programs to reach target groups more effectively.

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Spatial patterns of health clinic in Malaysia

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

Spatial Accessibility to Primary Care in Dual Public-Private Health System in Malaysia: A Case Study in Rural Selangor

Spatial Accessibility to Primary Care in Dual Public-Private Health System in Malaysia: A Case Study in Rural Selangor

Using spatial analysis and GIS to improve planning and resource allocation in a rural district of Bangladesh

Deficiency in civil registration and vital statistics reporting in remote areas: the case of Sabah, Malaysia

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