“…Indeed, experienced and inexperienced surgeons do not seem to differ in their pointing accuracy in free space or when using a navigational monitor, but experience plays a significant role when performing the same task through a microscope (Hirata et al. ). The difference is attributable to poorer depth perception of phantom surgical spaces by inexperienced surgeons.…”
Purpose
Compare accuracy and precision in XYZ of stationary and dynamic tasks performed by surgeons with and without the use of a tele‐operated robotic micromanipulator in a simulated vitreoretinal environment. The tasks were performed using a surgical microscope or while observing a video monitor.
Method
Two experienced and two novice surgeons performed tracking and static tasks at a fixed depth with hand‐held instruments on a Preceyes Surgical System R0.4. Visualization was through a standard microscope or a video display. The distances between the instrument tip and the targets (in μm) determined tracking errors in accuracy and precision.
Results
Using a microscope, dynamic or static accuracy and precision in XY (planar) movements were similar among test subjects. In Z (depth) movements, experience lead to more precision in both dynamic and static tasks (dynamic 35 ± 14 versus 60 ± 37 μm; static 27 ± 8 versus 36 ± 10 μm), and more accuracy in dynamic tasks (58 ± 35 versus 109 ± 79 μm). Robotic assistance improved both precision and accuracy in Z (1–3 ± 1 μm) in both groups. Using a video screen in combination with robotic assistance improved all performance measurements and reduced any differences due to experience.
Conclusions
Robotics increases precision and accuracy, with greater benefit observed in less experienced surgeons. However, human control was a limiting factor in the achieved improvement. A major limitation was visualization of the target surface, in particular in depth. To maximize the benefit of robotic assistance, visualization must be optimized.
“…Indeed, experienced and inexperienced surgeons do not seem to differ in their pointing accuracy in free space or when using a navigational monitor, but experience plays a significant role when performing the same task through a microscope (Hirata et al. ). The difference is attributable to poorer depth perception of phantom surgical spaces by inexperienced surgeons.…”
Purpose
Compare accuracy and precision in XYZ of stationary and dynamic tasks performed by surgeons with and without the use of a tele‐operated robotic micromanipulator in a simulated vitreoretinal environment. The tasks were performed using a surgical microscope or while observing a video monitor.
Method
Two experienced and two novice surgeons performed tracking and static tasks at a fixed depth with hand‐held instruments on a Preceyes Surgical System R0.4. Visualization was through a standard microscope or a video display. The distances between the instrument tip and the targets (in μm) determined tracking errors in accuracy and precision.
Results
Using a microscope, dynamic or static accuracy and precision in XY (planar) movements were similar among test subjects. In Z (depth) movements, experience lead to more precision in both dynamic and static tasks (dynamic 35 ± 14 versus 60 ± 37 μm; static 27 ± 8 versus 36 ± 10 μm), and more accuracy in dynamic tasks (58 ± 35 versus 109 ± 79 μm). Robotic assistance improved both precision and accuracy in Z (1–3 ± 1 μm) in both groups. Using a video screen in combination with robotic assistance improved all performance measurements and reduced any differences due to experience.
Conclusions
Robotics increases precision and accuracy, with greater benefit observed in less experienced surgeons. However, human control was a limiting factor in the achieved improvement. A major limitation was visualization of the target surface, in particular in depth. To maximize the benefit of robotic assistance, visualization must be optimized.
“…Furthermore, neurosurgeons continually practice microsurgical procedures under microscopic visualization, which is indeed a distorted 3D world. 7 The recent advent of the endoscopic binostril approach to the skull base and pituitary regions seems to require more advanced psychomotor skills, because the manipulation and azimuth angles are both wider than in other kinds of neuroendoscopic surgery. 6 Various investigations have been conducted to develop training tools for EES, such as cadaveric dissection and real anatomical models.…”
Novices using this unique webcam trainer showed improvement in psychomotor skills for EES. The authors believe that training in terms of basic endoscopic skills is meaningful and that the webcam training system can play a role in daily off-the-job training for EES.
“…References for excluded studies: [42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,…”
Objective
Spatial abilities have been correlated to anatomy knowledge assessment using practical examinations, 3D‐synthesis from 2D‐views, drawing of views, and cross‐sections in a previous systematic review. Spatial abilities have also been correlated in a systematic review to technical skills performance in health care in novices and intermediate learners. Evidence has been found for improvement of spatial abilities in the field of anatomy education using instruction in anatomy and mental rotations training in a systematic review. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the effect of interventions on spatial abilities in the field of technical skills in health care.
Methods
A literature search was conducted up to November 14, 2017 in Scopus and in several databases on EBSCOhost platform (Medline with Full Text, Cinahl Plus with Full Text, ERIC, Education Source and PsycInfo). Citations were obtained, articles related to retained citations were reviewed and a final list of included studies was identified. Methods in the field of technical skills relating an intervention to spatial abilities test scores between intervention groups or obtained before and after the intervention were identified as eligible. The quality of included studies was assessed and data were extracted in a systematic way.
Results
A series of 5513 citations was obtained. Ninety‐nine articles were retained and fully reviewed, yielding four included studies. A two‐semester learning period of abdominal sonography was found to increase the Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board Test score (p < 0.05). No difference in the Hidden Figure Test score after one year was observed after residency training in General Surgery of at least nine months. A first‐year dental curriculum was not found to elevate the Novel Object Cross‐Sections Test score (p = 0.07). A hands‐on radiology course using interactive three‐dimensional image post‐processing software consisting of seven two‐hour long seminars on a weekly basis was found to amplify the Cube Perspective Test score (p < 0.001). A meta‐analysis was not possible because of inconsistent reporting of statistical results for spatial abilities test score.
Conclusion
Spatial abilities tests scores were enhanced by courses in sonography and hands‐on radiology, but were not improved by residency training in General Surgery and first‐year dental curriculum. Enhancements of spatial abilities in the field of technical skills in health care found in this study were similar to those observed in the field of anatomy education using instruction in anatomy. Specific courses will need to be compared in the future to general curriculum for the malleability of spatial abilities. Instruction in anatomy and courses of technical skills will also need to be compared as related to spatial abilities.
Support or Funding Information
Funding source: none
This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
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