Spatial Price Differences in China: Estimates and Implications

Abstract

Prices differ across space: from province to province, from rural (or urban) areas in one province to rural (or urban) areas in another province, and from rural to urban areas within one province. Systematic differences in prices across a range of goods and services in different localities imply regional differences in the costs of living. If high-income provinces also have high costs of living, and low-income provinces have low costs of living, the use of nominal income measures in explaining such economic outcomes as inequality can lead to misinterpretations. Income should be adjusted for costs of living. We are interested in the sign and magnitude of the adjustments needed, their changes over time, and their impact on economic outcomes in China. In this article, we construct a set of (rural, urban, total) provincial-level spatial price deflators for the years 1984-2002 that can be used to obtain provincial-level income measures adjusted for purchasing power. We provide illustrations of the significant effect of ignoring spatial price differences in the analysis of China's economy. IntroductionPrice indices are standard statistical data that are constructed by statistical authorities across all countries. The key price index often is the Consumer Price Index (CPI). In the U.S., for example, the CPI serves as an economic indicator used in formulating fiscal and monetary policy, as a deflator of other economic series (for example, retail sales, or hourly and weekly earnings), and as a means of adjusting dollar values (for example, when social security benefits are indexed using the CPI). 1 But while the calculation and use of price indices are widespread, absolute price comparisons across localities are usually not po ssible. Thus, in the U.S., the Bureau of Labor Statistics compiles a nationwide urban CPI based on about 80,000prices recorded in 87 urban areas by aggregating individual commodity or area indices. 2 The commodities are specific to the local outlets; no data are collected on the price of one specific commodity in different areas of the U.S. A comparison of the absolute price level in one locality with that in another locality, thus, is not possible for the U.S.China's National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), like the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the U.S., publishes a number of official price indices, including national and provincial CPIs, as well as separate CPIs for rural and urban areas at both the national and the provincial level.These price indices allow a comparison of the changes in the level of consumer prices over time across different localities, but do not permit a comparison of absolute price levels between different localities at a given point in time. Like the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the NBS does not publish data on the individual prices and quantities underlying the provincial price indices it constructs.The ability to compare the absolute price level across localities at a point in time can be important, however. The prices that consumers pay, even for identical products, are ...

Relative concerns of rural-to-urban migrants in China

“…This may seem less of a concern when migrants compare themselves with other migrants, but this is certainly an issue in the urban case. For that reason, we control for spatial variation in prices using the data constructed by Brandt and Holz (2006). We use speci…c urban indices (for urban and migrant workers) and rural indices.…”

“…9 We follow the bulk of the literature, and acknowledge the possibly ad hoc choices made to construct reference groups, but suggest a systematic exploration of alternative orbits of comparison for the three types (rural, urban and migrants) and alternative comparison groups for the migrant workers in particular. 10 In addition, we test di¤erent "typical income" measures y k i , either the mean, the median income or other points of the income distribution of the reference group k. 9 The scope of the geographical reference varies, from being as large as East and West Germany (Luttmer, 2005). When direct evidence is available, spheres of comparisons may be more speci…c, e.g., according to Knight et al (2009), 68% of Chinese rural respondents report that their main comparison group consists of individuals in their own village.…”

“…When direct evidence is available, spheres of comparisons may be more speci…c, e.g., according to Knight et al (2009), 68% of Chinese rural respondents report that their main comparison group consists of individuals in their own village. 10 Reference labor income may be interpreted in a professional sense (see Senik, 2008). Yet, when focusing on migrants, some of the reference groups we de…ne may include people with whom migrants have more personal links (community ties).…”

Urban income inequality in China revisited (1988–2002)

“…In the analysis that follows, incomes are adjusted for provincial purchasing power differences by using Brandt and Holz (2005) urban provincial-level spatial price deflators 5 .…”

“…Yet, evidence of regional market segmentation in China (Young, 2000;Wederman, 2003) suggests that price differences are quite strongly correlated with nominal income differences across provinces, and therefore that inequality studies may be strongly and systematically biased. In this note, we evaluate the magnitude of these biases for urban household disposable income inequality over the 1988-2002 period, by using new data constructed by Brandt and Holz (2005), which provide for the first time valuable and reliable estimations of consumer prices at the provincial level.…”