“…Studies of the properties of the deterministic FSS covered various aspects, such as: behaviour with frequency of occurrence, neighbourhood size and shape (e.g., Roberts and Lean, 2008;Schwartz et al, 2010;Nachamkin and Schmidt, 2015;Skok and Roberts, 2016); impact of biases (e.g., Mittermaier and Roberts, 2010); temporal accumulation or aggregation of results (e.g., Roberts, 2008;Duc et al, 2013;Mittermaier, 2021); impact of interpolation and grid resolution (e.g., Mittermaier, 2019); behaviour in extreme cases (Mittermaier, 2021); displacement characteristics (e.g., Skok, 2015;Skok andRoberts, 2016, 2018); and skilful spatial scales (e.g., Roberts and Lean, 2008;Mittermaier and Roberts, 2010;Dey et al, 2014Dey et al, , 2016Bachmann et al, 2019Bachmann et al, , 2020Hooker et al, 2022Hooker et al, , 2023. While a growing number of studies apply the FSS to verify ensemble forecasts, the properties of this score in the context of probabilistic forecast verification have not been studied in detail.…”