“…The spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation cover is largely driven by climate factors, such as climate change and human activities, such as deforestation/reforestation, and topographic parameters such as elevation and slope, according to many studies that used the Normalized Difference vegetation index (NDVI) as a remote sensing tool, for monitoring vegetation dynamics ( Adole et al., 2016 ; Kogo et al., 2019 ; Chu et al., 2019 ; Lin et al., 2020 ; Matas-Granados et al., 2022 ; Prăvălie et al., 2022 ; Zhang et al., 2018 ; Duarte et al., 2018 ; Huang et al., 2021 ). These researchers and many others ( Höpfner and Scherer, 2011 ; Kalisa et al., 2019 ; Nse et al., 2020 ; Nejadrekabi et al., 2022 ) have studied the response of vegetation coverage to climate factors at different spatial and temporal scales based on NDVI time series, and the results show a high dependence of vegetation dynamics on precipitation ( Ezaidi et al., 2022 ), especially in arid and semi-arid regions ( Hou et al., 2013 ; Maimouni et al., 2021 ).…”