Improving the resilience of the logistics industry to enhance its ability to withstand a variety of uncertain risks is critical to its development. However, the spatio-temporal evolution of resilience in the logistics industry has not been adequately characterized in the literature. And the factors influencing it remain unclear. This study analyzes the patterns of spatio-temporal evolution of the resilience of the logistics industry in China’s 31 provinces from 2012 to 2021 to identify the factors influencing it. This research found that the overall resilience of the logistics industry has been increasing with a pattern in which the east regions are high, the west regions are low, the south regions are high, and the north regions are low, while the coastal levels are generally higher. However, the levels of resilience and adaptability of the logistics industry are both low and fragmented and need to be improved over the short term. This study emphasizes promoting projects to improve the logistics infrastructure and increasing fixed-asset investment in the logistics industry to improve the resilience of the logistics industry in China.