“…These scholars eventually propose strategic spatial planning to reduce the spatial inequalities in the Tehran metropolis. (Molaei Qelichi et al, 2017), urban development plans and national modernization (Mashayekhi, 2019), the unsustainable change in land use (Taravat et al, 2017), excessive government intervention in land affairs (Meshkini et al, 2019), inefficient urban policies (Meshkin et al, 2021), inefficient residential policies (Zarghamfard et al, 2019), unbalanced distribution of physical residential indices (Marsosi et al, 2021), industrialization in Tehran (Pazhuhan, 2021), the flow of oil revenues (Hein & Sedighi, 2016), inadequate regulations and limited privatization (Yousefi & Farahani, 2019), the unbalanced distribution of urban cooling ecosystem services (Ghorbani et al, 2022) and income inequalities (Noroozi et al, 2020) as the most important factors contributing to spatial inequality in Tehran metropolis. Studies such as those of Yousefi and Farahani (2019) and Zarghamfard and Meshkini (2021) reveal that the spatial inequality in Tehran residential quality stems from the Iranian capitalist features and imported neoliberal policies.…”