Spatial Trends in Salmonella Infection in Pigs in Spain

Teng, Kendy Tzu-Yun; Avilés, Marta Martínez; Ugarte‐Ruiz, María; Bárcena, Carmen; Torre, Ana de la; López, Gemma Muñoz-Alonso; Moreno, Miguel A.; Domı́nguez, Lucas; Álvarez, Julio

doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00345

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The most prevalent serotype detected in feces was the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium, a serotype of high public health importance, and present in 47% of the pigs shedding Salmonella; this far exceeded not only S. Typhimurium (18.8%), but also the sum of the rest of the "other" serotypes (34%). This represents a significant jump in the prevalence of the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium with respect to previous studies in the same or neighboring areas, when its prevalence was as low as 12% [7,31], and confirms the worldwide upward trend of this serotype [1,30,[32][33][34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Salmonella Shedding in Slaughter Pigs and the Use of Esterified Formic Acid in the Drinking Water as a Potential Abattoir-Based Mitigation Measure

Bernad-Roche

Casanova-Higes

Marín-Alcalá

et al. 2022

Animals

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Pigs shedding Salmonella at slaughter are considered a source of carcass contamination and human infection. To assess this potential risk, the proportion of Salmonella shedders that arrive for slaughter was evaluated in a population of 1068 pigs from 24 farms. Shedding was present in 27.3% of the pigs, and the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium, an emerging zoonotic serotype, was the most prevalent (46.9%). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella isolates was common, but few isolates showed AMR to antimicrobials of critical importance for humans such as third-generation cephalosporins (5%), colistin (0%), or carbapenems (0%). However, AMR to tigecycline was moderately high (15%). The efficacy of an esterified formic acid in the lairage drinking water (3 kg formic acid/1000 L) was also assessed as a potential abattoir-based strategy to reduce Salmonella shedding. It was able to reduce the proportion of shedders (60.7% in the control group (CG) vs. 44.3% in the treatment group (TG); p < 0.01). After considering clustering and confounding factors, the odds of shedding Salmonella in the CG were 2.75 (95% CI = 1.80–4.21) times higher than those of the TG, suggesting a potential efficacy of reduction in shedding as high as 63.6%. This strategy may contribute to mitigating the burden of abattoir environmental contamination.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Salmonella Shedding in Slaughter Pigs and the Use of Esterified Formic Acid in the Drinking Water as a Potential Abattoir-Based Mitigation Measure

Bernad-Roche

Casanova-Higes

Marín-Alcalá

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…A total of 281 (41.3%) isolates had missing geographical information in D_am10. Trends in serotypes have been described elsewhere [ 16 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Isolates were recovered from faecal samples from fattening pigs collected at abattoirs of high slaughter capacity (7–20 abattoirs located in ≥ 50% of the provinces in Spain each year) and represented independent epidemiological units (i.e., farms). More details on the sampling strategy can be found in Teng et al, 2020 [ 16 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Information about Salmonella isolates that were collected between 2001 and 2017 and underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) such as the date of sampling, the province and the autonomous community of the originated farm of the sampled pigs, the serotype, and AST results were included in the current study. Bacteriology methods can be found in Teng et al, 2020 [ 16 ]. Briefly, isolation of Salmonella was performed according to ISO 6579:2002/Amd 1:2007 before 2017 and ISO 6579–1:2017 for 2017 samples.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Patterns of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates from fattening pigs in Spain

et al. 2022

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Background Swine are considered a major source of foodborne salmonellosis, a public health issue further complicated by the circulation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains that threaten the safety of the food chain. The current study aimed to identify patterns that can help to understand the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella in pigs in Spain through the application of several multivariate statistical methods to data from the AMR national surveillance programs from 2001 to 2017. Results A total of 1,318 pig Salmonella isolates belonging to 63 different serotypes were isolated and their AMR profiles were determined. Tetracycline resistance across provinces in Spain was the highest among all antimicrobials and ranged from 66.7% to 95.8%, followed by sulfamethoxazole resistance (range: 42.5% − 77.8%), streptomycin resistance (range: 45.7% − 76.7%), ampicillin resistance (range: 24.3% − 66.7%, with a lower percentage of resistance in the South-East of Spain), and chloramphenicol resistance (range: 8.5% − 41.1%). A significant increase in the percentage of resistant isolates to chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin and trimethoprim from 2013 to 2017 was observed. Bayesian network analysis showed the existence of dependencies between resistance to antimicrobials of the same but also different families, with chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole in the centre of the networks. In the networks, the conditional probability for an isolate susceptible to ciprofloxacin that was also susceptible to nalidixic acid was 0.999 but for an isolate resistant to ciprofloxacin that was also resistant to nalidixic acid was only 0.779. An isolate susceptible to florfenicol would be expected to be susceptible to chloramphenicol, whereas an isolate resistant to chloramphenicol had a conditional probability of being resistant to florfenicol at only 0.221. Hierarchical clustering further demonstrated the linkage between certain resistances (and serotypes). For example, a higher likelihood of multidrug-resistance in isolates belonging to 1,4,[5],12:i:- serotype was found, and in the cluster where all isolates were resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and florfenicol, 86.9% (n = 53) of the isolates were Typhimurium. Conclusion Our study demonstrated the power of multivariate statistical methods in discovering trends and patterns of AMR and found the existence of serotype-specific AMR patterns for serotypes of public health concern in Salmonella isolates in pigs in Spain.

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“…4,5 Salmonellosis generally leads to fever, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, chills and vomiting. 6 Although most people can recover completely on their own without treatment in 5–7 days, it can be life-threatening for children and the elderly. Therefore, to effectively monitor Salmonella in milk and reduce the risk of Salmonella infection, it is necessary to develop a sensitive and accurate detection assay.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time and visual detection of viableSalmonellain milk by a competitive annealing mediated isothermal amplification (CAMP) combined with propidium monoazide (PMA)

Chen

2022

Anal. Methods

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Spatial Trends in Salmonella Infection in Pigs in Spain

Cited by 12 publications

References 46 publications

Salmonella Shedding in Slaughter Pigs and the Use of Esterified Formic Acid in the Drinking Water as a Potential Abattoir-Based Mitigation Measure

Salmonella Shedding in Slaughter Pigs and the Use of Esterified Formic Acid in the Drinking Water as a Potential Abattoir-Based Mitigation Measure

Patterns of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates from fattening pigs in Spain

Real-time and visual detection of viableSalmonellain milk by a competitive annealing mediated isothermal amplification (CAMP) combined with propidium monoazide (PMA)

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