Spatial V2X Traffic Density Channel Characterization for Urban Environments

Granda, Fausto; Azpilicueta, Leyre; Celaya-Echarri, Mikel; López-Iturri, Peio; Vargas-Rosales, César; Falcone, Francisco

doi:10.1109/tits.2020.2974692

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Moreover, the in-house developed 3D-RL code has been optimized in order to decrease processing time by means of hybrid simulation methodologies, as neural networks, or using collaborative filtering and the diffusion equation, enabling the evaluation of large complex heterogeneous environments [117][118][119]. In this sense, the simulation tool has been widely tested and validated for wireless propagation channel characterization and EMF exposure assessment in indoor and outdoor urban scenarios [120][121][122].…”

Section: Volume XX 2020mentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical and Modeling Approach for Environmental Indoor RF-EMF Assessment in Complex High-Node Density Scenarios: Public Shopping Malls Case Study

et al. 2021

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This work provides an intensive and comprehensive in-depth study from an empirical and modeling approach of the environmental radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) radiation exposure in public shopping malls, as an example of an indoor high-node user density context aware environment, where multiple wireless communication systems coexist. For that purpose, current personal mobile communications (2G-5G FR 1) as well as Wi-Fi services (IEEE 802.11n/ac) have been precisely analyzed in order to provide clear RF-EMF assessment insight and to verify compliance with established regulation limits. In this sense, a complete measurements campaign has been performed in different countries, with frequencyselective exposimeters (PEMs), providing real empirical datasets for statistical analysis and allowing discussion and comparison regarding current health effects and safety issues between some of the most common RF-EMF exposure safety standards: ICNIRP 2020 (Spain), IEEE 2019 (Mexico) and a more restrictive regulation (Poland). In addition, environmental RF-EMF exposure assessment simulation results, in terms of spatial E-field characterization and Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) probabilities, have been provided for challenging incremental high-node user dense scenarios in worst case conditions, by means of a deterministic in-house 3D Ray-Launching (3D-RL) RF-EMF safety simulation technique, showing good agreement with the experimental measurements. Finally, discussion highlighting the contribution and effects of the coexistence of multiple heterogenous networks and services for the environmental RF-EMF radiation exposure assessment has been included, showing that for all measured results and simulated cases, the obtained E-Field levels are well below the exposure limits established in the internationally accepted standards and guidelines. In consequence, the obtained results and the presented methodology could become a starting point to stablish the RF-EMF assessment basis of future complex heterogeneous 5G FR 2 developments on the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, where massive high-node user density networks are expected.

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Section: Volume XX 2020mentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical and Modeling Approach for Environmental Indoor RF-EMF Assessment in Complex High-Node Density Scenarios: Public Shopping Malls Case Study

et al. 2021

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“…The algorithm has been widely used and validated for urban complex scenarios and V2X links for frequency bands below 6 GHz. For instance, in [ 53 ], an urban environment is simulated by means of the in-house 3D-RL algorithm, coupled with a microscopic vehicular movement simulator, showing good agreement with experimental measurements for the frequency band of 5.9 GHz. On the other hand, in [ 54 ], with the aid of the 3D-RL tool, the radio wave characterization for ISM 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) deployed within a smart city scenario has been assessed and validated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Deterministic 3D Ray-Launching Millimeter Wave Channel Characterization for Vehicular Communications in Urban Environments

Rodríguez-Corbo

Azpilicueta

Celaya-Echarri

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The increasing demand for more sensors inside vehicles pursues the intention of making vehicles more “intelligent”. In this context, the vision of fully connected and autonomous cars is becoming more tangible and will turn into a reality in the coming years. The use of these intelligent transport systems will allow the integration of efficient performance in terms of route control, fuel consumption, and traffic administration, among others. Future vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication will require a wider bandwidth as well as lower latencies than current technologies can offer, to support high-constraint safety applications and data exhaustive information exchanges. To this end, recent investigations have proposed the adoption of the millimeter wave (mmWave) bands to achieve high throughput and low latencies. However, mmWave communications come with high constraints for implementation due to higher free-space losses, poor diffraction, poor signal penetration, among other channel impairments for these high-frequency bands. In this work, a V2X communication channel in the mmWave (28 GHz) band is analyzed by a combination of an empirical study and a deterministic simulation with an in-house 3D ray-launching algorithm. Multiple mmWave V2X links has been modeled for a complex heterogeneous urban scenario in order to capture and analyze different propagation phenomena, providing full volumetric estimation of frequency/power as well as time domain parameters. Large- and small-scale propagation parameters are obtained for a combination of different situations, taking into account the obstruction between the transceivers of vehicles of distinct sizes. These results can aid in the development of modeling techniques for the implementation of mmWave frequency bands in the vehicular context, with the capability of adapting to different scenario requirements in terms of network topology, user density, or transceiver location. The proposed methodology provides accurate wireless channel estimation within the complete volume of the scenario under analysis, considering detailed topological characteristics.

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“…Although these typical scenarios generally capture the main environments in which vehicular communications take place, there are other specific environments whose characterization has not been sufficiently addressed. Some of these scenarios encompass vehicular communication in tunnels [38][39], roundabouts [40][41][42], parking lots [43][44], or bridges [45].…”

Section: F Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Fig. 5, an example of the received signal strength (RSS) in a bi-dimensional plane for a certain height using a RT algorithm is presented [40,84]. A I2V link in a real urban environment has been simulated considering all the presented scatterers within the scenario such as different shapes of buildings, trees and vehicles on the road.…”

Section: Geometry Based Deterministic Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Propagation Models in Vehicular Communications

et al. 2021

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In the advent of becoming reality, the era of autonomous vehicles is closer than ever, and with it, the need for faster and reliable wireless connections. The propagation channel determines the performance limits of wireless communications, and with the aid of empirical measurements, channel modeling is the best approach to predict and recreate how signal propagation conditions may perform. To this end, many different approaches and techniques have been implemented, from specific applications to general models, considering the characteristics of the environment (geometry-based or non-geometry-based) as well as seeking high performance algorithms in order to achieve good balance between accuracy and computational cost. This paper provides an updated overview of propagation channel models for vehicular communications, beginning with some specific propagation characteristics of these complex heterogeneous environments in terms of diverse communication scenarios, different combinations of link types, antenna placement/diversity, potentially high Doppler shifts, or non-stationarity, among others. The presented channel models are classified in four categories: empirical, non-geometry-based stochastic, geometry-based stochastic, and deterministic models, following the classical approach. The features and key concepts of the different vehicular communications channel models are presented, from sub 6 GHz to millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands. The advantages and disadvantages of the main works in the area are discussed and compared in a comprehensive way, outlining their contributions. Finally, future critical challenges and research directions for modeling reliable vehicular communications are introduced, such as the effects of vegetation, pedestrians, common scatterers, micro-mobility or spherical wavefront, which in the context of the near future are presented as research opportunities.INDEX TERMS Vehicular communications, channel modeling, propagation, mmWave.

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Spatial V2X Traffic Density Channel Characterization for Urban Environments

Cited by 16 publications

References 39 publications

Empirical and Modeling Approach for Environmental Indoor RF-EMF Assessment in Complex High-Node Density Scenarios: Public Shopping Malls Case Study

Empirical and Modeling Approach for Environmental Indoor RF-EMF Assessment in Complex High-Node Density Scenarios: Public Shopping Malls Case Study

Deterministic 3D Ray-Launching Millimeter Wave Channel Characterization for Vehicular Communications in Urban Environments

Propagation Models in Vehicular Communications

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