“…Because of their uniqueness, mangrove ecosystems have a special species composition. Many species from the phytoplankton group (Hasan et al, 2022;Xu et al, 2022), zooplankton (Balqis et al, 2022;Hasan et al, 2022), arthropods (Sebastian & Jessy Joseph Kavumkal, 2016;Tran et al, 2021;Yeo et al, 2021;Fazhan et al, 2022), echinoderms (Ibrahim et al, 2015;Bahri et al, 2021), mollusks (Zvonareva et al, 2019;Ebadzadeh et al, 2021;Jahid & Singh, 2021), and fishes (Zhao et al, 2022;Hewindati et al, 2023;Qiu et al, 2023) live in mangrove ecosystems.…”