Spatio-temporal patterns of gun violence in Syracuse, New York 2009-2015

Larsen, David A.; Lane, Sandra D.; Jennings-Bey, Timothy; Haygood-El, Arnett; Brundage, Kim; Rubinstein, Robert A.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173001

Cited by 28 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Previous studies have shown that signs of disorder are correlated with concentrated disadvantage (Gau and Pratt, 2010;Sampson and Raudenbush, 2004;Wilcox et al, 2004). Measures of neighborhood disadvantage (e.g., poverty, unemployment, family income, literacy, welfare) and neighborhood instability (e.g., residential mobility and divorciality) have been associated to spatial variations of homicide (Akins, Rumbaut, and Stansfield, 2009;Barata et al, 1998;Berezin et al, 2017;Boessen and Hipp, 2015;Ferrandino, 2018;Hannon, 2005;Kubrin and Weitzer, 2003;Larsen et al, 2017;Mancik, Parker, and Williams, 2018;Mares, 2010;Nieuwbeerta et al, 2008;Ousey, 2006;Parker and McCall, 1999;Pereira, Mota, and Andresen, 2017;Santos, Barcellos, and Sacarvalho, 2006;Strom and MacDonald, 2016;Suresh and Vito, 2009;Vilalta, Castillo, and Torres, 2016;Vilalta and Fondevila, 2019;Vilalta and Muggah, 2014).…”

Section: Homicide and Concentrated Disadvantagementioning

confidence: 99%

Testing Broken Windows Theory in Mexico City

Vilalta

López

Fondevila

et al. 2019

Social Science Quarterly

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Objectives To test the broken windows theory in the Mexican context. Methods Publicly available homicide counts and census data at the neighborhood level were used. Broken windows theory was operationalized through the use of social disorder and physical disorder measures. Measures were both calculated using PCA. For data analysis, we employed four multilevel random intercept models to relate homicide counts to our broken windows components. Results The social disorder and physical disorder components cannot be seen as operating independently from each other. In addition, the negative interaction term between the two components suggests that the combined impact of social disorder and physical disorder is less than the independent effects, and that the impact of social disorder diminishes as neighborhoods become less physically disordered and vice versa. Conclusion Findings demonstrate the validity of broken windows theory across countries and offer new ideas to support crime prevention policy.

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Section: Homicide and Concentrated Disadvantagementioning

confidence: 99%

Testing Broken Windows Theory in Mexico City

Vilalta

López

Fondevila

et al. 2019

Social Science Quarterly

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“…Violence continues to be a serious public health problem in different regions of the world due to reflections on health indicators, influence on the daily lives of individuals and the constant presence of victims in health services . According to data from the World Health Organization, 1.4 million people lose their lives annually and many others sustain non‐fatal injuries resulting from episodes of violence .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial distribution of maxillofacial injuries caused by urban violence: An ecological analysis to identify high‐risk areas

Bernardino

Nóbrega

Silva

et al. 2018

Comm Dent Oral Epid

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Objectives To investigate the spatial and spatial‐temporal distribution of oral and maxillofacial injuries caused by urban violence, as well as to identify underlying disparities at regional level through a geostatistical approach. Methods This was a historical ecological cohort study of trauma cases caused by urban violence using aggregate data from victims assisted in a Brazilian medical‐forensic service between January 2012 and December 2015. The longitudinal patterns of change observed in each geographic area (neighbourhoods) were evaluated using the finite mixture model (FMM). The spatial autocorrelation of events was investigated using the Getis‐Ord Indicator (Gi*) to identify significant hot and cold spatial clusters. With a spatial regression model, it was also found when socioeconomic variables, residential infrastructure and neighbourhood infrastructure were associated with high incidence rates. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results The finite mixture model revealed three different patterns of longitudinal trajectory of the incidence of oral and maxillofacial trauma caused by urban violence (TP1 to TP3, P < 0.05). TP1 was characterized by an incidence that remained stable and high over time, comprising 17.4% of the city's neighbourhoods. In TP2, it was observed that the incidence was moderate, with a slightly increasing trend in the last year evaluated, representing around 41.8% of the sample. In contrast, in TP3, it was found that the incidence was relatively low and remained stable over time, accounting for about 40.8% of the sample. The Getis‐Ord (Gi*) statistic identified significant high‐risk clusters in the western (P < 0.05), southern (P < 0.05), and eastern regions (P < 0.05) and low risk in the northern region (P < 0.05). The spatial regression model indicated significant association between areas with unfavourable socioeconomic conditions and higher incidence of events (β = 0.178, SE = 0.046, P < 0.001). Conclusions Clusters demarcating areas with high socio‐spatial vulnerability for urban violence and oral and maxillofacial injuries were identified. The findings highlight the need to improve living conditions in segregated urban areas and develop intersectoral actions to improve living conditions, employment, public safety, social support, health care and prevention.

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“…Ressalta-se que a violência guarda relações profundas com a estrutura social, econômica e política. Aprofunda-se com as exclusões e desproteções sociais, características do atual modelo neoliberal criador de insegurança (2) . Inclui-se nesse contexto a Atenção à Saúde e a promoção do cuidado em áreas vulneráveis à violência, comumente caracterizadas por uma infraestrutura precária, em privação de condições materiais de vida e profundas desigualdades sociais.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Inclui-se nesse contexto a Atenção à Saúde e a promoção do cuidado em áreas vulneráveis à violência, comumente caracterizadas por uma infraestrutura precária, em privação de condições materiais de vida e profundas desigualdades sociais. Além das questões sociais, as pessoas que residem no território vivenciam situações de exclusão, a exemplo do desemprego, da falta de saneamento básico, da presença de lixo a céu aberto e da escassez de lazer e segurança (1,2) . O cuidado em saúde nessas áreas demanda a adequação do serviço à realidade local, o que pode representar inúmeros desafios para sua promoção efetiva.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…O comércio de drogas ilegais é preponderante para a violência e condiciona inúmeras situações de conflito entre traficantes e usuários, trazendo inúmeras consequências para a toda sociedade. A violência relacionada ao tráfico de drogas e às relações conflituosas estabelece a complexidade do fenômeno, e as consequências que o tráfico das substâncias ilícitas trazem, como o aumento da criminalidade, se configuram como umas das manifestações da violência (2,5,6) . A violência urbana não é somente composta por dados de letalidade, mas também pelo conflito interpessoal, assaltos à mão armada, agressões, espancamentos e, por fim, os assassinatos (7) .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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