Spatio-temporal variations of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in Zhejiang Province, China from 2005 to 2015

Abstract

Typhoid and paratyphoid are two common enteric infectious diseases with serious gastrointestinal symptoms. Data was collected of the registered cases in Zhejiang Province from 2005 to 2015. The epidemiological characteristics were investigated and high-risk regions were detected with descriptive epidemiological methods and in-depth spatio-temporal statistics. A sharp decline in the incidences of both diseases was observed. The seasonal patterns were identified with typhoid and paratyphoid, one in summer from May to September was observed from 2005 to 2010 and the other lesser one in spring from January to March only observed from 2005 to 2007. The men were more susceptible and the adults aged 20 to 60 constituted the major infected population. The farmers were more likely to get infected, especially to typhoid. The Wilcoxon sum rank test proved that the incidences in the coastal counties were significantly higher than the inland. Besides, a positive autocorrelation was obtained with typhoid fever in global autocorrelation analysis but not with paratyphoid fever. Local autocorrelation analysis and spatio-temporal scan statistics revealed that high-risk clusters were located mainly in the coastal regions with typhoid fever but scattered across the province with paratyphoid fever. The spatial risks were evaluated quantitatively with hierarchical Bayesian models.

Temporal, spatial and household dynamics of Typhoid fever in Kasese district, Uganda

“…In this study however, because age was part of the selection criterion for cases, there is an inherent bias in the age distribution profile. None the less, our case distribution by age is similar to what was recently reported in a 10 year study conducted in China [62].…”

Spatial and temporal heterogeneities of district-level typhoid morbidities in Ghana: A requisite insight for informed public health response

“…The nonrandom spatial distribution reaffirms the idea of the involvement of environmental casual factors and instigates an etiological clue that the possible causal factors are spatially structured. These patterns are characteristic of typhoid as comparable patterns have been observed by similar studies in the Zhejiang Province of China [8] and the Dhaka metropolitan area of Bangladesh [30]. In a population-based study in an urban area of Nairobi, Kenya, Akullian et al [31] associated the geographical distribution of typhoid to lower elevation.…”

“…These estimates, however, were based on regional and national level data, without consideration for within-country variations. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal patterns of the disease burden is crucial for scaling up informed public health strategies, allocation of resources, and monitoring of interventions [8].…”

Time series analysis of cumulative incidences of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in China using both Grey and SARIMA models

“…Nevertheless, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers remain important sporadic intestinal infectious diseases and are directly monitored nationwide. Descriptive epidemiology research has been conducted on specific provinces [ 14 – 17 ], but there remains a lack of national analysis on time series modeling which is key for the prevention and control measures [ 18 ]. Several mathematical models have been employed to predict the incidence of infectious diseases [ 19 ].…”