Spatiotemporal analysis of prolonged and recurrent bovine tuberculosis breakdowns in Northern Irish cattle herds reveals a new infection hotspot

Milne, Georgina; Graham, Jordon; Allen, Adrian; Lahuerta‐Marin, Angela; McCormick, Carl; Presho, Eleanor; Skuce, Robin; Byrne, Andrew

doi:10.1016/j.sste.2018.11.002

Cited by 22 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…We found significant geographic variation in risk, which has been highlighted previously in Northern Ireland Milne et al 2018 which has been also found to be associated with liver fluke infection risk in Northern Ireland ). Weather variables have been associated with variation in bTB risk in Ireland and Great Britain previously (Wint et al, 2002, Gilbert et al, 2005, Jin et al, 2013.…”

Section: Other Btb Risk Factorssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…; Milne et al. ). This could be related to local factors, including factors not controlled for in this model such as geographic variation in wildlife density (Byrne et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…) that were skin test (SICTT) test positive, and therefore the animals processed represent a wide geographic sample across NI (see Milne et al. for distributions). All data were retrieved from the Animal and Public Health Information System (APHIS) of Northern Ireland (Houston ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of factors have contributed to this failure to eradicate (Skuce et al 2012), including the presence of a wildlife reservoir of infection (the European badger, Meles meles; Griffin et al 2005;Byrne et al 2014). Compounding this problem is the fact that tests used to identify infected cattle exhibit nonperfect test characteristics (De la Rua-Domenech et al 2006;McCallan et al 2017;Lahuerta-Marin et al 2018). For example, the Single Intradermal Comparative Tuberculin Test (SICTT), the standard test used in the United Kingdom and ROI exhibits high mean specificity (>99%; de la Rua- Domenech et al 2006;Clegg et al 2011;Lahuerta et al, 2018), but moderate mean sensitivity (50%-80%; De la Rua-Domenech et al, 2006;Clegg et al 2011;Nuñez-Garcia et al 2018;Lahuerta et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) co‐infection with bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle: A retrospective animal‐level assessment of bTB risk in dairy and beef cattle

Byrne

McBride

Graham

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, remains a persistent problem for cattle industries in endemic countries. The frequency, quality, and performance of tests, and the presence of wildlife reservoirs, have been identified as impediments to eradication. Recently, exposure to helminth infection (Fasciola hepatica) has been associated negatively with the disclosure of bTB. Here, for the first time, we assess impact of concurrent infections of Fasciola hepatica and the disclosure of bTB at the animal‐level using large surveillance datasets. We utilized a dataset of 138,566 animal records from an abattoir from Northern Ireland (2011–2013). The presence of F. hepatica infection was assessed from macroscopic tissue inspection at abattoir. Multivariable models were developed to assess co‐infection associations with bTB status based on: Single Intradermal Comparative Tuberculin Test (SICTT), lesion, bacteriological confirmation, including either all animals, or only skin‐test negative animals (lesions at routine slaughter; LRS; confirmed nonreactors at routine slaughter; cNRs) or positive (reactors) animals alone, respectively. The relationship between skin tuberculin reaction sizes and fluke status was also explored for a subset of animals with field recordings (n = 24,680). Controlling for known risk factors (e.g., climatic, herd, and individual level characteristics), we did not find significant associations between the SICTT (standard or severe interpretation), lesion, nor confirmation status of animals and their liver fluke status. The only exception was a negative association between liver fluke positivity, and LRS or cNRs, respectively; though effect‐sizes were small (e.g., LRS Odds‐Ratio: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.76–1.00). There was limited evidence of a relationship between tuberculin reaction sizes during SICTT testing and liver fluke infection status. These data do not support the contention that the detection of bTB using skin‐tests or reactor postmortem follow‐up may be compromised by co‐infection at a population level, but the relationship with lesion formation (pathogenesis) may indicate an impact for postmortem surveillance.

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Section: Other Btb Risk Factorssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…; Milne et al. ). This could be related to local factors, including factors not controlled for in this model such as geographic variation in wildlife density (Byrne et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) co‐infection with bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle: A retrospective animal‐level assessment of bTB risk in dairy and beef cattle

Byrne

McBride

Graham

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…The season during which the BTM sample was taken, and the proportion of the herd which was made up of dairy cattle breeds (this latter variable could help to identify herds with mixed [dairy and non‐dairy] enterprises) were also offered to the model. To control for any underlying spatial heterogeneity unaccounted for within the model (Milne et al, ), the DVO that the herd was located within was included in multivariable models (spatial variables [DVO; 10 categories]).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) co‐infection with bovine tuberculosis in cattle: A prospective herd‐level assessment of herd bTB risk in dairy enterprises

Byrne

Graham

McConville

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Co-infection of tuberculosis (TB) and helminths is recognized as a significant problem in regions where such pathogens are endemic and chronic cases exist. Co-infection can modulate the immune system leading to interference with diagnostic tests, increased pathological impacts and pathogen persistence. However, research has found that such interactions between pathogens can be context and species specific. Recent studies have suggested that liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, infection may impact on immunological responses and diagnostics for bovine tuberculosis (bTB; caused by Mycobacterium bovis) in cattle. Where evidence of such interaction exists, there would be an onus on policy makers to adjust eradication programs to minimize impacts. We assessed the association between herd-level bTB breakdown risk and seasonal variation in liver fluke exposure based on 5,753 bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from 1,494 dairy herds across Northern Ireland. BTM was tested by an IDEXX antibody specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the 'f2' antigen as a detection agent. The ELISA determined the result based on a sample to (known) positive ratio (S/P%) from which binary status and categories of exposure were derived. Associations were tested using multivariable random effects models. Models predicting bTB risk were not improved with the inclusion of liver fluke exposure levels. Variations in modelling liver fluke exposure (S/P%, binary, categories of exposure) and bTB risk (skin test breakdowns, post-mortem confirmed breakdowns, breakdown size and lag effects) also failed to support associations (neither positive nor negative) between the pathogens at herd-level. These results, along with previously published animal-level data from Northern Ireland, suggest that the nexus between bTB and F. hepatica may have small size effects at the population-level. However, our results also highlight the high prevalence of F. hepatica in cattle in our study population, and therefore we cannot fully discount the potential hypothesis of population-level depression of immune response to M. bovis due to co-infection. K E Y W O R D Sbulk milk sampling, concurrent infection, endemic disease, Fasciola, Mycobacterium

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Machine Learning Techniques for the Prediction of Bovine Tuberculosis Among the Cattle

Roy

Ravindra

Marada

et al. 2023

Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems

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Spatiotemporal analysis of prolonged and recurrent bovine tuberculosis breakdowns in Northern Irish cattle herds reveals a new infection hotspot

Cited by 22 publications

References 28 publications

Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) co‐infection with bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle: A retrospective animal‐level assessment of bTB risk in dairy and beef cattle

Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) co‐infection with bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle: A retrospective animal‐level assessment of bTB risk in dairy and beef cattle

Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) co‐infection with bovine tuberculosis in cattle: A prospective herd‐level assessment of herd bTB risk in dairy enterprises

Machine Learning Techniques for the Prediction of Bovine Tuberculosis Among the Cattle

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