Spatiotemporal macro debris and microplastic variations linked to domestic waste and textile industry in the supercritical Citarum River, Indonesia

Spatial analysis of health risk due to contamination groundwater resources (a case study in Bandung District, Indonesia)

“…The fact groundwater sources in Upper Citarum Watershed, especially in Ciparay, Dayeuhkolot, and Margaasih Subdistrict reported as heavily polluted with an average index of pollution of 11.42, and the lack of access to the availability of clean water and sanitation infrastructure is one of the causes of groundwater pollution [3,4,12]. In addition, as mentioned above, this persistent pollutant can affect human health and be dangerous to human life.…”

“…Citarum River in Indonesia is reported as the world's most polluted river with its toxic level of heavy metals, pesticides, and emerging pollutant issues such as microplastic pollution. Groundwater sources IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012074 2 in this area have the possibility of contamination due to the infiltration of liquid waste from these rivers [3,4].…”

Seasonal heterogeneity and a link to precipitation in the release of microplastic during COVID-19 outbreak from the Greater Jakarta area to Jakarta Bay, Indonesia

“…Rivers are a significant source of plastic pollution in the world's seas, and the amount of plastic in the water varies according to human activities in river basins ( Cordova et al, 2022 ; Cordova and Nurhati, 2019 ; Kapp and Yeatman, 2018 ; Kataoka et al, 2019 ). Microplastics were detected in every surface water sample taken from nine river outlets, which is unsurprising given their pervasive distribution ( Horton et al, 2018 ; Horton and Dixon, 2018 ).…”

“…Microplastics have been detected in a wide variety of foods and beverages ( Diaz-Basantes et al, 2020 ; Van Raamsdonk et al, 2020 ; Weber et al, 2021 ) and nearly every ecosystem in the world ( Cordova et al, 2022 ; Ding et al, 2019 ; He et al, 2021 ; Isobe et al, 2021 ; Jiao et al, 2022 ; Qi et al, 2022 ; Simon-Sánchez et al, 2019 ); as a result, microplastics have been found in animals ( Iwalaye et al, 2020 ; Mohsen et al, 2019 ; Naidoo et al, 2020 ; Walkinshaw et al, 2020 ), plants ( Huang et al, 2022 ; Yin et al, 2021 ; Yu et al, 2021 ), and humans ( Ragusa et al, 2021 ; Schwabl et al, 2019 ). Although microplastics have distinct physical properties ( Miller et al, 2021 ), their widespread existence may pose a threat to organisms through a variety of routes, including inhalation ( Amato-Lourenço et al, 2020 ; Baensch-Baltruschat et al, 2020 ), ingestion ( Bulleri et al, 2021 ; Naidoo et al, 2020 ), bioaccumulation ( Sfriso et al, 2020 ; Van Raamsdonk et al, 2020 ), and the process of biomagnification ( Krause et al, 2021 ; Saley et al, 2019 ; Walkinshaw et al, 2020 ).…”

“…It is strongly presumed that rivers are major transporters of microplastics; therefore, it is critical to understand plastic's fate in the aquatic environment. Up to this point, only six Indonesian freshwater microplastic investigations have been completed, one river on Sumatera island and five rivers on Java island ( Cordova et al, 2022 ; Sulistyowati et al, 2022 ). Baseline data on microplastics is critical for environmental management in Indonesia ( Riani and Cordova, 2022 ), particularly in light of the probability of an increase in microplastics in the aquatic environment as a result of the usage of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic ( Hu et al, 2022 ; Ray et al, 2022 ).…”