Spatiotemporal Variability in Arctic Climates of the Past Millennium: Implications for the Study of Thule Culture on Melville Peninsula, Nunavut

Finkelstein, S. A.; Ross, J. M.; Adams, John

doi:10.1657/1938-4246-41.4.442

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…2). Manuscript to be reviewed Adams, 2009;Friesen, 2010;McGhee, 1994). An estimate of the current HBV/B5 population size in the order of 100,000 is consistent with current estimated host population size estimates based on population statistics (Central Intelligence Agency, 2015; Statistics Canada, 2014;…”

Section: Manuscript To Be Reviewedsupporting

confidence: 64%

Peer Review #1 of "Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling (v0.2)"

2017

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Background. Indigenous populations of the circumpolar Arctic are considered to be endemically infected (>2% prevalence) with hepatitis B virus (HBV), with subgenotype B5 (formerly B6) unique to these populations. The distinctive properties of HBV/B5, including high nucleotide diversity yet no significant liver disease, suggest virus adaptation through long-term host-pathogen association. Methods. To investigate the origin and evolutionary spread of HBV/B5 into the circumpolar Arctic, fiftyseven partial and full genome sequences from Alaska, Canada and Greenland, having known location and sampling dates spanning 40 years, were phylogeographically investigated by Bayesian analysis (BEAST 2) using a reversible-jump-based substitution model and a clock rate estimated at 4.1x10-5 substitutions/site/year. Results. Following an initial divergence from an Asian viral ancestor approximately 1954 years before present (YBP; 95% highest probability density interval [1188, 2901]), HBV/B5 coalescence occurred almost 1000 years later. Surprisingly, the HBV/B5 ancestor appears to locate first to Greenland in a rapid coastal route progression based on the landscape aware geographic model, with subsequent B5 evolution and spread westward. Bayesian skyline plot analysis demonstrated an HBV/B5 population expansion occurring approximately 400 YBP, coinciding with the disruption of the Neo-Eskimo Thule culture into more heterogeneous and regionally distinct Inuit populations throughout the North American Arctic. Discussion. HBV/B5 origin and spread appears to occur coincident with the movement of Neo-Eskimo (Inuit) populations within the past 1000 years, further supporting the hypothesis of HBV/host coexpansion, and illustrating the concept of host-pathogen adaptation and balance.

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Section: Manuscript To Be Reviewedsupporting

confidence: 64%

Peer Review #1 of "Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling (v0.2)"

2017

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“…This coincides with archaeological evidence for a period of transformation in precontact Arctic society, during which a previously relatively homogeneous Thule society transformed into modern Inuit, starting approximately 500 YBP and continuing onwards for several centuries. This transformation is associated with population migrations, environmental shifts, and contact with Europeans ( Finkelstein, Ross & Adams, 2009 ; Friesen, 2010 ; McGhee, 1994 ). An estimate of the current HBV/B5 population size in the order of 100,000 is consistent with current estimated host population size estimates based on population statistics ( Central Intelligence Agency, 2015 ; Statistics Canada, 2014 ; United States Census Bureau, 2012 ), in keeping with each infected person hosting an entire HBV quasi-species population ( Lauring & Andino, 2010 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By 600–500 YBP, transformation of the homogeneous Thule culture into more diverse cultural groupings had started in a process that lasted for several centuries, based on archaeological observation of shifts in regional populations, settlement patterns and social organization ( Friesen, 2010 ). The impetus for this transformation has been speculated to involve climatic changes leading to increased sea ice and alteration in subsistence sources ( Finkelstein, Ross & Adams, 2009 ) as well as changing internal social networks and increasing external contact and trade with European explorers, whalers and merchants ( Friesen, 2010 ; McGhee, 1994 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling

Bouckaert

Simons

Krarup

et al. 2017

PeerJ

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BackgroundIndigenous populations of the circumpolar Arctic are considered to be endemically infected (>2% prevalence) with hepatitis B virus (HBV), with subgenotype B5 (formerly B6) unique to these populations. The distinctive properties of HBV/B5, including high nucleotide diversity yet no significant liver disease, suggest virus adaptation through long-term host-pathogen association.MethodsTo investigate the origin and evolutionary spread of HBV/B5 into the circumpolar Arctic, fifty-seven partial and full genome sequences from Alaska, Canada and Greenland, having known location and sampling dates spanning 40 years, were phylogeographically investigated by Bayesian analysis (BEAST 2) using a reversible-jump-based substitution model and a clock rate estimated at 4.1 × 10−5 substitutions/site/year.ResultsFollowing an initial divergence from an Asian viral ancestor approximately 1954 years before present (YBP; 95% highest probability density interval [1188, 2901]), HBV/B5 coalescence occurred almost 1000 years later. Surprisingly, the HBV/B5 ancestor appears to locate first to Greenland in a rapid coastal route progression based on the landscape aware geographic model, with subsequent B5 evolution and spread westward. Bayesian skyline plot analysis demonstrated an HBV/B5 population expansion occurring approximately 400 YBP, coinciding with the disruption of the Neo-Eskimo Thule culture into more heterogeneous and regionally distinct Inuit populations throughout the North American Arctic.DiscussionHBV/B5 origin and spread appears to occur coincident with the movement of Neo-Eskimo (Inuit) populations within the past 1000 years, further supporting the hypothesis of HBV/host co-expansion, and illustrating the concept of host-pathogen adaptation and balance.

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“…On the coast of Labrador, ancestral Inuit populations expanded south during cold North Atlantic phases to follow harp seals at the sea ice margin, retreating north during warmer periods (Fitzhugh, 1972(Fitzhugh, , 1977(Fitzhugh, , 2020. On the Melville Peninsula, Thule populations moved between maritime and continental environmental zones to maximize access to resources during climate shifts (Finkelstein et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and pulse migration: intermittent Chugach Inuit occupation of glacial fiords on the Kenai Coast, Alaska

Crowell¹,

Arimitsu²

2023

Front. Environ. Archaeol.

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For millennia, Inuit peoples of the Arctic and Subarctic have been challenged by the impacts of climate change on the abundance of key subsistence species. Responses to climate-induced declines in animal populations included switching to alternative food sources and/or migrating to regions of greater availability. We examine these dynamics for the Chugach Inuit (Sugpiat) people of southern coastal Alaska by synthesizing a large body of evidence from archeological sites, including radiocarbon dates and archaeofaunal assemblages, and by applying contemporary knowledge of glaciomarine ecosystems, spatial patterns of resource richness, and ocean-climate induced regime shifts in the Gulf of Alaska. We hypothesize that Chugach groups migrated from Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound to the Kenai Peninsula during periods of low sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to harvest harbor seals, which were seasonally aggregated near tidewater glaciers during pupping season, as well as piscivorous seabirds, Pacific cod, and other species that thrive under cool ocean conditions. During warming phases, the Chugach returned to Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound to fish for salmon and other species that abound during higher SSTs. Drivers of this coupled human-natural system of repeated (pulse) migration include the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the dominant pattern of sea surface temperatures in the North Pacific that has been shown to generate step-like regime shifts in the marine food web; and coastal glaciers that structure the functioning of fiord ecosystems and support high levels of biological productivity. The culturally-constructed Chugach niche in the glaciomarine habitat of the Gulf of Alaska was based on intergenerationally transmitted ecological knowledge that enabled a resilient, mobile response to climate and resource variation.

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Spatiotemporal Variability in Arctic Climates of the Past Millennium: Implications for the Study of Thule Culture on Melville Peninsula, Nunavut

Cited by 9 publications

References 51 publications

Peer Review #1 of "Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling (v0.2)"

Peer Review #1 of "Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling (v0.2)"

Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling

Climate change and pulse migration: intermittent Chugach Inuit occupation of glacial fiords on the Kenai Coast, Alaska

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