Spatiotemporal variability of exposure to secondhand smoke in Iran during 2009–2020: a systematic review

Janjani, Hosna; Nabizadeh, Ramin; Kashani, Homa; Shamsipour, Mansour; Aghaei, Mina; Yunesian, Masud

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-15273-8

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In Finland, SHS exposure in adolescents decreased from 17% in 1991 to 6% in 2009 [ 41 ]. Local and regional studies indicate a high and increasing exposure to SHS in Iran [ 31 ]. The increasing trend of passive smoking in Iran may be due to the lack of parents’ education regarding the adverse health complications of SHS in children/adolescents and the weaknesses in enforcing the Law in smoke-free environments, and the ease of acquiring tobacco even in those who are under the legal age (18 years).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increasing trend of passive smoking in Iran may be due to the lack of parents’ education regarding the adverse health complications of SHS in children/adolescents and the weaknesses in enforcing the Law in smoke-free environments, and the ease of acquiring tobacco even in those who are under the legal age (18 years). One other important factor is the popularity of hookah among the Iranian population, as many restaurants and cafes serve hookah, exposing all the customers to SHS [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the findings of some studies indicated that younger children were at greater risk for passive smoking [ 47 , 48 ]. Our results can be due to the use of tobacco substances in public places, restaurants, cafes, and parks in which most adolescents hangout, as well as, due to the popularity of hookahs, especially among adolescents, and its ease of use in the public and gatherings without restrictions [ 31 , 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless, similar to our findings, Some other studies did not report any relationship between gender and passive smoking [ 42 , 48 ]. Our findings could be the results of cultural differences among different countries, as in Iran, many households possess hooka and use it regularly, condemning all households, regardless of age and gender, to SHS [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other studies in Iran, the reported SHS exposure in 13 to 15-year-olds adolescents was considerable [ 30 ]. A recent meta-analysis showed that exposure to SHS in Iran was increased and mostly happened in the houses (as high as 49.7% in women and 54.8 in men) [ 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trend of passive smoking and associated factors in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN studies

et al. 2022

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Background It is well documented that, similar to active smokers, passive smokers are also at an increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases, and it could impose high financial costs on the healthcare system. This study aimed to evaluate the trend of passive smoking and related determinants during the three phases of a school-based surveillance program. Methods This is a secondary study using the national data obtained from three phases of the surveillance program entitled The Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Noncommunicable Disease (CASPIAN) study, conducted from 2008 to 2014 on Iranian children and adolescents living in urban and rural areas of 30 provinces in Iran. Participants were selected by cluster multistage sampling method. Results Overall, the study participants consisted of 33,288 students (50.5% boys) with a mean (± SD) age of 12.8 ± 3.2 years. The passive smoking rate was significantly increased from 35.6% in 2008 to 43.2% in 2015 among children and adolescents. According to the multivariate logistic regression, father’s university education, mother’s employment, life satisfaction, and socioeconomic status had a protective role regarding second-hand smoke exposure. In contrast, the father’s self-employment had a positive role in increasing the rate of passive smoking. Conclusion Considering the increasing trend of passive smoking and its considerable adverse health effects, it is necessary to implement large-scale public interventions to reduce the rate and hazards of exposure to tobacco smoke.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trend of passive smoking and associated factors in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN studies

et al. 2022

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Burden of diseases attributable to second-hand smoke exposure in Iran adolescents from 2009 to 2020

Janjani,

Nabizadeh,

Shamsipour

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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Exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) is prevalent in many countries, but the problem’s scope is poorly understood globally, especially in developing countries. We aimed to estimate SHS exposure and its national and subnational burden of diseases in Iran, the second-largest country in the Middle East, during 2009–2020. The burden of diseases from SHS was estimated as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for adolescents (10–18) year’s non-smokers. Using comparative risk assessment methodologies, the calculations were based on disease-specific relative risk estimates with national and subnational SHS exposure data, and the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis was performed. The results of study showed that the trend of exposure to SHS is increasing in Iran. The highest DALY was related to lower respiratory infection (LRI), asthma, and otitis media, respectively. The national average asthma burden (DALY/100,000) has increased from 17.4 (11.8_23.9) in 2009 to 21.3 (13.9_30) in 2020, LRI decreased from 25.8 (21.5_30.2) to 19.8 (16.7_23.1), and national average burden of otitis media (DALY/100,000) has increased from 3.1(1.9_4.6) to 3.9(2.4_5.6). The increasing trend of otitis media and asthma DALYs attributable to SHS exposure in Iran requires more attention from policymakers to protect the population.

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Socioeconomic inequality in exposure to second-hand smoke among middle-aged adults of the RaNCD cohort study: a decomposition analysis

Khosravi,

Bazyar,

Soofi

et al. 2024

BMC Public Health

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Background Secondhand smoke (SHS) can cause various health problems among different age groups worldwide. Socioeconomic factors may influence the distribution of SHS exposure among population subgroups. We aimed to estimate socioeconomic inequality in SHS exposure and identify its contributing factors among a sample of Iranian adults. Methods This cross-sectional investigation utilized baseline data from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease cohort study. The study population comprised 7991 middle-aged adults aged between 35 and 65 years. To determine socioeconomic status (SES) principal component analysis (PCA) was used. The Wagstaff normalized concentration index (Cn) was utilized to measure the extent of socioeconomic inequality in SHS. Furthermore, decomposition analysis was performed to identify the factors contributing to the observed inequality in SHS exposure. Results The prevalence of SHS exposure among men, women, and the total population was 38.23%, 47.29%, and 43.89%, respectively. The concentration index (Cn) value for SHS exposure was − 0.121 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.146, -0.096) in the study participants. Among men and women, the values were − 0.080 (95% CI: -0.122, -0.037) and − 0.095 (95% CI: -0.112, -0.063), respectively, indicating a higher concentration of SHS among individuals with low SES. Female sex (35.17%), socioeconomic status (31.83%), being married (-26.36%), and rural residency (22.44%) were identified as the primary factors contributing to the observed inequality in SHS exposure. Conclusion The research findings revealed a pro-rich inequality in SHS, with a significant concentration among low-SES individuals. In terms of the main contributors to socioeconomic inequality in SHS exposure, policy interventions need to pay attention to females, individuals with low SES, and married individuals to address inequality in SHS exposure.

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Spatiotemporal variability of exposure to secondhand smoke in Iran during 2009–2020: a systematic review

Cited by 3 publications

References 58 publications

Trend of passive smoking and associated factors in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN studies

Trend of passive smoking and associated factors in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN studies

Burden of diseases attributable to second-hand smoke exposure in Iran adolescents from 2009 to 2020

Socioeconomic inequality in exposure to second-hand smoke among middle-aged adults of the RaNCD cohort study: a decomposition analysis

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