“…The longest section was measured from the image taken by the digital camera using MicroStudio software (WRAYCAM Corporation, Tokyo Japan). MPs were categorized according to their shapes (fragment, film and fibre) and colours (white, transparent, black, yellow, green, blue and others) based on the method described in Kobayashi et al (2021) and Cheung et al (2016). Finally, an attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (ATR- FTIR; FT-IR-4600, JASCO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was used to identify the plastic polymer composition of all the plastic samples, except the fibre shapes.…”