Speaker Normalization in Speech Perception

Johnson, Keith; Sjerps, Matthias J.

doi:10.1002/9781119184096.ch6

Cited by 56 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 185 publications

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“…A similar perspective arises from studies of speech perception. The proposal that we retain significant amounts of verbatim language is in line with the central tenet of episodic theory wherein episodic details (phonetic and vocal information) of what we hear are encoded in memory (Hintzman, 1986;Goldinger, 1996;Johnson, 1997Johnson, , 2006Mitterer and Reinisch, 2017).…”

Section: Verbatim Memory For Languagesupporting

confidence: 55%

Emotional Nuance Enhances Verbatim Retention of Written Materials

Kim

Sidtis

2021

Front. Psychol.

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Recent studies have demonstrated that details of verbal material are retained in memory. Further, converging evidence points to a memory-enhancing effect of emotion such that memory for emotional events is stronger than memory for neutral events. Building upon this work, it appears likely that verbatim sentence forms will be remembered better when tinged with emotional nuance. Most previous studies have focused on single words. The current study examines the role of emotional nuance in the verbatim retention of longer sentences in written material. In this study, participants silently read transcriptions of spontaneous narratives, half of which had been delivered within a context of emotional expression and the other half with neutral expression. Transcripts were taken from selected narratives that received the highest, most extreme ratings, neutral or emotional. Participants identified written excerpts in a yes/no recognition test. Results revealed that participants’ verbatim memory was significantly greater for excerpts from emotionally nuanced narratives than from neutral narratives. It is concluded that the narratives, pre-rated as emotional or neutral, drove this effect of emotion on verbatim retention. These findings expand a growing body of evidence for a role of emotion in memory, and lend support to episodic theories of language and the constructionist account.

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Section: Verbatim Memory For Languagesupporting

confidence: 55%

Emotional Nuance Enhances Verbatim Retention of Written Materials

Kim

Sidtis

2021

Front. Psychol.

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“…On this view, conventional patients would experience a different and better voice quality than SSD-CI patients. On the other hand, a normal cortical representation of speech may serve as a reference from which the electrical representation can be normalized (e.g., Johnson, 2005). On this view, conventional patients, who lack a temporally immediate reference, would experience a poorer voice quality than SSD-CI patients.…”

Section: What Is Missing From the Approximations?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Approximations to the Voice of a Cochlear Implant: Explorations With Single-Sided Deaf Listeners

et al. 2020

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Fourteen single-sided deaf listeners fit with an MED-EL cochlear implant (CI) judged the similarity of clean signals presented to their CI and modified signals presented to their normal-hearing ear. The signals to the normal-hearing ear were created by (a) filtering, (b) spectral smearing, (c) changing overall fundamental frequency (F0), (d) F0 contour flattening, (e) changing formant frequencies, (f) altering resonances and ring times to create a metallic sound quality, (g) using a noise vocoder, or (h) using a sine vocoder. The operations could be used singly or in any combination. On a scale of 1 to 10 where 10 was a complete match to the sound of the CI, the mean match score was 8.8. Over half of the matches were 9.0 or higher. The most common alterations to a clean signal were band-pass or low-pass filtering, spectral peak smearing, and F0 contour flattening. On average, 3.4 operations were used to create a match. Upshifts in formant frequencies were implemented most often for electrode insertion angles less than approximately 500°. A relatively small set of operations can produce signals that approximate the sound of the MED-EL CI. There are large individual differences in the combination of operations needed. The sound files in Supplemental Material approximate the sound of the MED-EL CI for patients fit with 28-mm electrode arrays.

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“…If we dismiss the Chomskyan UG hypothesis and the universal set of distinctive features it contains (in the Hale and Reiss, 2008 view) the structures (syntactic categories, morphosyntactic structure, syllable structure and the internal structure of sounds) that we observe on the basis of linguistic evidence have to come from somewhere else. The typical answer provided by those who reject the innatist view, is that it comes from, or emerges from, language usage rather than being part of UG (Johnson, 1997;Bybee, 2006;van de Weijer, 2014;Van de Weijer, 2017;Archangeli and Pulleyblank, 2015;and many others). Although there are a lot of different usage-based approaches to language, such as, among others, Construction Grammar (cf.…”

Section: Where Does Structure Come From?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there are a lot of different usage-based approaches to language, such as, among others, Construction Grammar (cf. for instance Tomasello, 2003;Goldberg, 2006) and Exemplar-Theory (cf., among others, Johnson, 1997;Pierrehumbert, 2001), they all share the assumption that there is no innate universal grammar, but that instead, grammatical knowledge emerges in usage. It would be far beyond the scope of the present paper to give a comprehensive overview of the different approaches.…”

Section: Where Does Structure Come From?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Gestalt Theory Approach to Structure in Language

Buffart¹,

Jacobs

2021

Front. Psychol.

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The fact that human language is highly structured and that, moreover, the way it is structured shows striking similarities in the world’s languages has been addressed from two different perspectives. The first, and more traditional, generative hypothesis is that the similarities are due to an innate language faculty. There is an inborn ‘grammar’ with universal principles that manifest themselves in each language and cross-linguistic variation arises due to a different parameter setting of universal principles. A second perspective is that there is no inborn, innate language faculty, but that instead structure emerges from language usage. This paper purports to develop and illustrate a third perspective, according to which the structural similarities in human languages are the result of the way the cognitive system works in perception. The essential claim is that structural properties follow from the limitations of human cognition in focus.

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Speaker Normalization in Speech Perception

Cited by 56 publications

References 185 publications

Emotional Nuance Enhances Verbatim Retention of Written Materials

Emotional Nuance Enhances Verbatim Retention of Written Materials

Approximations to the Voice of a Cochlear Implant: Explorations With Single-Sided Deaf Listeners

A Gestalt Theory Approach to Structure in Language

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