Spearman's hypothesis tested on European Jews vs non-Jewish Whites and vs Oriental Jews: Two meta-analyses

Nijenhuis, Jan te; Hine, David; Metzen, Daniel; Armstrong, Elijah L.

doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.02.002

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A confirmation of our first hypothesis would replicate the findings from a large literature (referenced above and below) that generally finds advantages in cognitive ability for both atheists and agnostics (see above) and Jews [16][17][18]. Our second hypothesis relates to a common question in the literature regarding how religious fundamentalism-which we indexed through stated belief strength-is related to cognitive ability.…”

supporting

confidence: 72%

Intelligence and Religiosity among Dating Site Users

Kirkegaard¹,

Lasker

2019

Psych

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We sought to assess whether previous findings regarding the relationship between cognitive ability and religiosity could be replicated in a large dataset of online daters (maximum n = 67k). We found that self-declared religious people had lower IQs than nonreligious people (atheists and agnostics). Furthermore, within most religious groups, a negative relationship between the strength of religious conviction and IQ was observed. This relationship was absent or reversed in nonreligious groups. A factor of religiousness based on five questions correlated at −0.38 with IQ after adjusting for reliability (−0.30 before). The relationship between IQ and religiousness was not strongly confounded by plausible demographic covariates (β = −0.24 in final model versus −0.30 without covariates).

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supporting

confidence: 72%

Intelligence and Religiosity among Dating Site Users

Kirkegaard¹,

Lasker

2019

Psych

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“…In case one wants to carry out an analysis on studies for which the individual-level data are unavailable and combine all these studies in a meta-analysis, the simplified procedure reported in Jensen [1] has to be applied. This combination of a simplified procedure and a meta-analysis has already been successfully applied in several studies, some of them often cited [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested on Black Adults: A Meta-Analysis

Nijenhuis

Hoek

2016

J. Intell.

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Blacks generally score significantly lower on intelligence tests than Whites. Spearman's hypothesis predicts that there will be large Black/White differences on subtests of high cognitive complexity, and smaller Black/White differences on subtests of lower cognitive complexity. Spearman's hypothesis tested on samples of Blacks and Whites has consistently been confirmed in many studies on children and adolescents, but there are many fewer studies on adults. We carried out a meta-analysis where we collected the existing tests of Spearman's hypothesis on adults and collected additional datasets on Black and White adults that could be used to test Spearman's hypothesis. Our meta-analytical search resulted in a total of 10 studies with a total of 15 datapoints, with participants numbering 251,085 Whites and 22,326 Blacks in total. For all these data points, the correlation between the loadings of a general factor that is manifested in individual differences on all mental tests, regardless of content (g) and standardized group differences was computed. The analysis of all 15 data points yields a mean vector correlation of 0.57. Spearman's hypothesis is confirmed comparing Black and White adults. The differences between Black and White adults are strongly in line with those previously found for children and adults; however, because of lack of access to the original data, we could not test for measurement invariance.

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“…Second, in order to obtain a reliable estimate of the correlation between each of the variables and g loadings, the cognitive batteries had to be based on a minimum of five subtests. Jensen [10,31] used six subtests as a minimum, but in recent meta-analyses using the method of correlated vectors [12,13,[32][33][34][35] it has been empirically shown that if the underlying relationship is strongly positive or strongly negative a test battery with five subtests in the majority of cases still strongly bring out the theoretically expected correlation. However, in many cases using four subtests leads to unstable outcomes, although for exploratory purposes four subtests could still be used.…”

Section: Rules For Inclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jensen devised the method of correlated vectors as the test of Spearman's hypothesis: the g loadings of all the subtests are computed to construct the vector of g loadings and the standardized group differences on the same subtests are computed to construct the d vector, and then these two are correlated. Within the U.S., there is a lot of empirical support for Spearman's hypothesis comparing Whites and Blacks [11], Amerindians [12], and Jews [13]. It should be noted that European Jews have higher mean scores than both non-Jewish Whites and Oriental Jews.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A Meta-Analysis of Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested on Latin-American Hispanics, Including a New Way to Correct for Imperfectly Measuring the Construct of g

Nijenhuis

Hoek

Dragt

2019

Psych

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Spearman’s hypothesis states that the difference in intelligence between groups is a function of the g loadings of the subtests, where larger differences are found on tests with higher g loadings. This finding has consistently been supported on various groups. In this study we look at samples of Latin-American Hispanics in comparison to Whites. We carried out a meta-analysis based on 14 data points and a total of 16,813 Latin-American Hispanics, including a new way to correct for imperfectly measuring the construct of g. Spearman’s hypothesis was strongly supported with a mean r of 0.63. After correction for various statistical artifacts this value became rho = 0.91. Therefore, we conclude that Spearman’s hypothesis also holds true for White/Latin-American Hispanic differences.

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Spearman's hypothesis tested on European Jews vs non-Jewish Whites and vs Oriental Jews: Two meta-analyses

Cited by 25 publications

References 15 publications

Intelligence and Religiosity among Dating Site Users

Intelligence and Religiosity among Dating Site Users

Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested on Black Adults: A Meta-Analysis

A Meta-Analysis of Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested on Latin-American Hispanics, Including a New Way to Correct for Imperfectly Measuring the Construct of g

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