Special forms of comitant exotropia

Kraft, Stephen P.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-4691-9.00078-9

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The two rectus muscles are innervated by different nerves: the oculomotor nerve from the midbrain for the medial rectus, and the abducens nerve from the hindbrain for the lateral rectus. By analyzing resected muscle samples, it is possible to determine whether the presumed structural asymmetries between agonist and antagonist horizontal rectus muscles ( Scott, 1994 ; Kraft, 2017 ) have a correlate at the gene expression level, and to find out whether schizophrenia-relevant gene expression changes are more common in medial rectus muscles than lateral rectus muscles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of schizophrenia biomarkers in extraocular muscles from patients with strabismus: an explanation for the link between exotropia and schizophrenia?

et al. 2017

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Recent studies have implicated exotropia as a risk factor for schizophrenia. We determined whether schizophrenia biomarkers have abnormal levels of expression in extraocular muscles from patients with strabismus and explored whether differences in gene expression between medial and lateral rectus muscles may explain the specific association of schizophrenia with exotropia but not esotropia. Samples from horizontal extraocular muscles were obtained during strabismus surgery and compared with age- and muscle type-matched normal muscles from organ donors. We used PCR arrays to identify differences in gene expression among 417 signaling molecules. We then focused on established schizophrenia-related growth factors, cytokines, and regulators of the extracellular matrix. Among 36 genes with significantly altered gene expression in dysfunctional horizontal rectus muscles, over one third were schizophrenia-related: CTGF, CXCR4, IL1B, IL10RA, MIF, MMP2, NPY1R, NRG1, NTRK2, SERPINA3, TIMP1, TIMP2, and TNF (adjusted p value ≤ 0.016667). By PCR array, expression of three of these genes was significantly different in medial rectus muscles, while eleven were significantly altered in lateral rectus muscles. Comparing baseline levels between muscle types, three schizophrenia-related genes (NPY1R, NTRK2, TIMP2) had lower levels of expression in medial rectus muscles. Despite the surprisingly large number of schizophrenia-related genes with altered gene expression levels in dysfunctional muscles, the lack of specificity for medial rectus muscles undermines a model of shared, region-specific gene expression abnormalities between exotropia and schizophrenia, but rather suggests consideration of the alternative model: that exotropia-induced aberrant early visual experiences may enable and/or contribute as a causative factor to the development of schizophrenia.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of schizophrenia biomarkers in extraocular muscles from patients with strabismus: an explanation for the link between exotropia and schizophrenia?

et al. 2017

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Exotropia in healthy children younger than 1 year of age is rare, and several studies have been conducted on this disease entity [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ]. Occlusion therapy alone is not sufficiently effective in reducing exodeviation, and surgery is the most promising treatment for early-onset exotropia as well as intermittent exotropia [ 8 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Preoperative Occlusion Therapy on Long-term Outcome after Surgery for Early-onset Exotropia

Shin

Kim

Paik

2017

Korean J Ophthalmol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PurposeTo investigate the effect of preoperative part-time occlusion therapy on long-term surgical success in early-onset exotropia.MethodsThe medical records of patients who underwent surgery for exotropia with onset before the first year of age and who were followed for ≥3 years were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the degree of compliance with part-time occlusion therapy: the good compliance group (>50% adherence rate) and the poor compliance group (≤50% adherence rate). Surgical success was defined as orthophoria to exodeviation less than 10 prism diopters both at distance and near. The level of postoperative stereopsis was compared between the two study groups among total enrolled patients and among those with constant exotropia.ResultsOf the 51 patients, 26 were assigned to the good compliance group and the remaining 25 patients to the poor compliance group. The surgical success rate was significantly higher in the good compliance group than in the poor compliance group (80.8% vs. 52.0%, p = 0.040). Among 24 constant exotropia patients (12 patients for each group), the success rate was insignificantly higher in the good compliance group than in the poor compliance group (75.0% vs. 58.3%, p = 0.448). The good compliance group had a better level of stereopsis than the poor compliance group (p = 0.045 for all 44 patients, p = 0.020 for 19 patients with constant exotropia).ConclusionsPreoperative part-time occlusion therapy was useful for improving the surgical outcome of early-onset exotropia and postoperative stereopsis.

show abstract

Special forms of comitant exotropia

Cited by 2 publications

References 25 publications

Expression of schizophrenia biomarkers in extraocular muscles from patients with strabismus: an explanation for the link between exotropia and schizophrenia?

Expression of schizophrenia biomarkers in extraocular muscles from patients with strabismus: an explanation for the link between exotropia and schizophrenia?

The Effect of Preoperative Occlusion Therapy on Long-term Outcome after Surgery for Early-onset Exotropia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About