Special Properties of Human Milk

Wagner, Carol L.; Anderson, Diane; Pittard, William B.

doi:10.1177/000992289603500601

Cited by 49 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…The composition of human milk is such that it provides the infant with all its nutritional requirements in early life and is a uniquely species-specific nutritive fluid (Wagner et al, 1996), with the possible exception of vitamin D and iron. Breast milk contains many components not found in formula that may help the growth and development of the infant, while also promoting mother-baby bonding (Ebrahim, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in formula and human milk samples from Northern Ireland mothers

et al. 2003

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Background: Two carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin are found in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye where they are believed to protect it against oxidative and light damage. The amounts of these carotenoids consumed by premature infants are not known. Objective: The objective of the investigation was to measure these carotenoids in human and formulae milks. Design: In all, 28 human milk samples were obtained at various times between days 1 and 41 of lactation from 13 mothers. Six formula milks commonly used in hospitals were also analysed. Setting: Mothers who provided the milk samples had infants in the neonatal ward at the Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast. Results: Median lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in human milk were 4.79 (range 0.42-9.98) nmol/g fat and 0.55 (0.00-1.70) nmol/g fat, respectively. Five of the six formula milks also contained lutein and zeaxanthin with concentrations that varied over a wide range (0.7-9.7 and 0.1-1.2 nmol/g fat, respectively). Conclusions: Carotenoid concentrations usually decreased with the duration of lactation. Some formula milks that were specially formulated for premature infants contained high concentrations of the lutein and zeaxanthin and the source may be egg yolk. Sponsorship: These studies were supported by the University of Ulster and the Northern Ireland Mother and Baby Appeal.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in formula and human milk samples from Northern Ireland mothers

et al. 2003

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“…Epithelial cells of the mammary gland, macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils are present in breast milk and secrete growth modulators into the milk. These cells could survive in the gastrointestinal tract and may also stimulate intestinal cell proliferation by cell-to-cell interactions (Wagner et al 1996). Fresh whole milk containing living cells may have much higher growth-promoting activity than the aqueous phase of milk used in this study, but fresh whole milk samples did not show any difference from the aqueous phase with respect to growth-promoting activity in our system (our unpublished data).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Breast milk has been shown to have many benefits for infants, including not only a reduced risk of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, gastroenteritis, respiratory infection and immunologically based disease but also improved later cognitive development (Wagner et al 1996, Lucas et al 1998, Schanler & Atkinson 1999. These clinical findings indicate that milk may exert protective effects on infants during neonatal maturation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human milk is known to stimulate gastrointestinal mucosal proliferation and maturation in animal models and is thought to protect the neonatal infant from harmful environmental factors by affecting the mucosal barrier (Wagner et al 1996). Some of the growth factors in human milk, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF ) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), have been shown to stimulate the proliferation of intestinal cells and the formation of the mucosal barrier (Corps & Brown 1987, Ichiba et al 1992, Wagner et al 1998, Wagner & Forsythe 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human milk induces fetal small intestinal cell proliferation - involvement of a different tyrosine kinase signaling pathway from epidermal growth factor receptor

Takeda¹,

Sakata²,

Minekawa³

et al. 2004

Journal of Endocrinology

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Breast milk has non-nutritional protective effects on recipient infants. It has been speculated that bioactive substances present in human milk have important roles in protecting infants. However, the mechanisms by which such substances protect newborns are unclear. Therefore, we analyzed the growth-promoting activity of human milk and the intracellular signaling mechanism thereof using human fetal small intestinal (FHS 74 Int) cells. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulated the proliferation of these cells. However, this stimulation was less effective than that of aqueous milk (5% vol/vol). The bioactivity of human milk was heat stable but protease sensitive. EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor did not repress the milk-induced growth-promoting effect on fetal small intestinal cells. Regarding the intracellular signaling pathway, the milkinduced cell proliferation pathway was tyrosine kinase dependent but was neither mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase nor phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase dependent. On the other hand, EGF-induced cell proliferation was tyrosine kinase, MAP kinase, and PI-3 kinase dependent. Rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of several intracellular proteins was detected after milk stimulation. Furthermore, the time course of phosphorylation induced by milk was different from that induced by EGF. The sizes of the proteins phosphorylated in response to milk were different from those of the Shc proteins phosphorylated in response to EGF. These results suggest that human milk induces fetal intestinal cell proliferation through a unique tyrosine kinase pathway different from the EGF receptor signaling pathway.

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“…Benefits include the superior nutritional composition of breast milk 16 , reduce incidence of feeding intolerance and necrotizing enter colitis in preterm infants 17 , and enhanced resistance to infectious diseases 18 . There is also a significant psychological benefit for both mother and infant.…”

Section: Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2012

IJPSR

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Pregnancy can be the most paranormal and exciting time for expectant mother. Nature provides us with many tools for supporting both the mother and baby through this time of growth and renewal, to strengthen the spirits and body to promote a healthy pregnancy and birthing process. Pregnant and lacting mother need to be educated on the need for caution when using herbs during pregnancy and lactation particularly in view of lack of complete information. The women self administer herbal medicines both before and after pregnancy often without any recognition of their potential hazards. The use of herbal supplements in pregnancy and lactation is likely to be relatively high and its importance ascertains what supplements women are taking. Pregnancy and lactation care providers should be aware of common herbal supplements used by women and of evidence regarding potential benefits or harm. Midwives and obstetricians have an obligation to facilitate women's wishes without condemnation, but this must be tempered with accurate information to ensure that use of herbal remedies in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not only appropriate but also safe if use with proper caution. The herbs listed in this review are recommended by experienced herbalist and have been used safely by women for centuries.

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Special Properties of Human Milk

Cited by 49 publications

References 95 publications

A comparison of lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in formula and human milk samples from Northern Ireland mothers

A comparison of lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in formula and human milk samples from Northern Ireland mothers

Human milk induces fetal small intestinal cell proliferation - involvement of a different tyrosine kinase signaling pathway from epidermal growth factor receptor

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