Special Section Guest Editorial: Introduction to the Special Section Celebrating 30 years of Open Source Monte Carlo Codes in Biomedical Optics

Fang, Qianqian; Martelli, Fabrizio; Lilge, Lothar

doi:10.1117/1.jbo.27.8.083001

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…While being computationally expensive, Monte Carlo remains the gold standard for simulating light transport in tissues. A special section was recently published dedicated to Monte Carlo multilayered (mcml.c) in commemoration of its release 30 years ago, outlining the history of the numerical method as well as its impact on biomedical optics 25 …”

Section: Study Design and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A special section was recently published dedicated to Monte Carlo multilayered (mcml.c) in commemoration of its release 30 years ago, outlining the history of the numerical method as well as its impact on biomedical optics. 25 Monte Carlo code packages, MCML and CONV 26 , were used to investigate photon deposition and fluence within the cross-section of the photo-ECMO at equilibrium. First, we modeled the propagation of light in a semi-infinite pool of blood.…”

Section: Light Propagationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical, flow, and thermal analysis of a phototherapy extracorporeal membrane oxygenator for treating carbon monoxide poisoning

et al. 2023

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Background Extracorporeal membrane oxygenators (ECMO) are currently utilized to mechanically ventilate blood when lung or lung and heart function are impaired, like in cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS can be caused by severe cases of carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation, which is the leading cause of poison‐related deaths in the United States. ECMOs can be further optimized for severe CO inhalation using visible light to photo‐dissociate CO from hemoglobin (Hb). In previous studies, we combined phototherapy with an ECMO to design a photo‐ECMO device, which significantly increased CO elimination and improved survival in CO‐poisoned animal models using light at 460, 523, and 620 nm wavelengths. Light at 620 nm was the most effective in removing CO. Objective The aim of this study is to analyze the light propagation at 460, 523, and 620 nm wavelengths and the 3D blood flow and heating distribution within the photo‐ECMO device that increased CO elimination in CO‐poisoned animal models. Methods Light propagation, blood flow dynamics, and heat diffusion were modeled using the Monte Carlo method and the laminar Navier‐Stokes and heat diffusion equations, respectively. Results Light at 620 nm propagated through the device blood compartment (4 mm), while light at 460 and 523 nm only penetrated 48% to 50% (~2 mm). The blood flow velocity in the blood compartment varied with regions of high (5 mm/s) and low (1 mm/s) velocity, including stagnant flow. The blood temperatures at the device outlet for 460, 523, and 620 nm wavelengths were approximately 26.7°C, 27.4°C, and 20°C, respectively. However, the maximum temperatures within the blood treatment compartment rose to approximately 71°C, 77°C, and 21°C, respectively. Conclusions As the extent of light propagation correlates with efficiency in photodissociation, the light at 620 nm is the optimal wavelength for removing CO from Hb while maintaining blood temperatures below thermal damage. Measuring the inlet and outlet blood temperatures is not enough to avoid unintentional thermal damage by light irradiation. Computational models can help eliminate risks of excessive heating and improve device development by analyzing design modifications that improve blood flow, like suppressing stagnant flow, further increasing the rate of CO elimination.

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Section: Study Design and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Light Propagationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical, flow, and thermal analysis of a phototherapy extracorporeal membrane oxygenator for treating carbon monoxide poisoning

et al. 2023

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“…In the past several decades, Monte Carlo (MC) light simulations have emerged as the gold standard technique for simulating photon transport through tissue 1 , 2 . Advances in these algorithms have allowed for modeling increasingly complex transport geometries or tissue types 3 – 9 while drastically reducing the runtime through parallel or cloud computing architectures 10 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… – 14 Such developments have spawned new studies that use MC simulations to, among many other efforts, investigate potential tissue areas to image, 15 – 18 determine the promise of new imaging modalities, 19 – 22 optimize hardware in existing modalities, 23 – 28 improve recovery of desired biomarkers, 29 , 30 and further elucidate the physical principles behind light-tissue interaction 31 – 35 This list is far from exhaustive—the number of distinctive studies exploiting MC simulations has truly burgeoned across subfields in the past couple of decades 2 . For details on methodology, the interested reader can peruse Zhu and Liu’s review paper 36 on MC simulations in biological tissue, although much work has been developed since then as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

scatterBrains: an open database of human head models and companion optode locations for realistic Monte Carlo photon simulations

Wu,

Horstmeyer,

Carp

2023

J. Biomed. Opt.

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.SignificanceMonte Carlo (MC) simulations are currently the gold standard in the near-infrared and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (NIRS/DCS) communities for generating light transport paths through tissue. However, realistic and diverse models that capture complex tissue layers are not easily available to all; moreover, manually placing optodes on such models can be tedious and time consuming. Such limitations may hinder the adoption of representative models for basic simulations and the use of these models for large-scale simulations, e.g., for training machine learning algorithms.AimWe aim to provide the NIRS/DCS communities with an open-source, user-friendly database of morphologically and optically realistic head models, as well as a succinct software pipeline to prepare these models for mesh-based Monte Carlo simulations of light transport.ApproachSixteen anatomical models were created from segmented T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) head scans and converted to tetrahedral mesh volumes. Approximately 800 companion scalp surface locations were distributed on each model, comprising full head coverage. A pipeline was created to place custom source and optical detectors at each location, and guidance is provided on how to use these parameters to set up MC simulations.ResultsThe models, head surface locations, and all associated code are freely available under the scatterBrains project on Github.ConclusionsThe NIRS/DCS community benefits from having shared resources for conducting MC simulations on realistic head geometries. We hope this will make MRI-based head models and virtual optode placement easily accessible to all. Contributions to the database are welcome and encouraged.

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“… 1 , 8 , 9 Monte Carlo (MC) based approaches are widely recognized as efficient tools for analyzing light scattering by biological tissues and turbid medium. 10 – 14 In biophotonics, MC methods, such as MCML, 15 created by L. Wang and S. Jacques, were originally designed to simulate scalar light transport within turbid scattering medium 16 , 17 and were fundamentally relying on the radiative transfer equation (RTE). 18 – 20 As significant role of polarized light in extending diagnostic capabilities of biomedical tools became apparent, 21 , 22 MC methods evolved accordingly resulting in many practical and popular tools particularly developed by Ramella-Roman, Prahl, and Jacques, 23 , 24 Hielscher, 25 , 26 Wang, 27 and Xu.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the evolution of circular polarized light backscattered from turbid tissue-like disperse medium utilizing generalized Monte Carlo modeling approach with a combined use of Jones and Stokes–Mueller formalisms

Lopushenko,

Sieryi,

Bykov

et al. 2023

J. Biomed. Opt.

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. Significance Phase retardation of circularly polarized light (CPL), backscattered by biological tissue, is used extensively for quantitative evaluation of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, presence of senile Alzheimer’s plaques, and characterization of biotissues with optical anisotropy. The Stokes polarimetry and Mueller matrix approaches demonstrate high potential in definitive non-invasive cancer diagnosis and tissue characterization. The ultimate understanding of CPL interaction with tissues is essential for advancing medical diagnostics, optical imaging, therapeutic applications, and the development of optical instruments and devices. Aim We investigate propagation of CPL within turbid tissue-like scattering medium utilizing a combination of Jones and Stokes–Mueller formalisms in a Monte Carlo (MC) modeling approach. We explore the fundamentals of CPL memory effect and depolarization formation. Approach The generalized MC computational approach developed for polarization tracking within turbid tissue-like scattering medium is based on the iterative solution of the Bethe–Salpeter equation. The approach handles helicity response of CPL scattered in turbid medium and provides explicit expressions for assessment of its polarization state. Results Evolution of CPL backscattered by tissue-like medium at different conditions of observation in terms of source–detector configuration is assessed quantitatively. The depolarization of light is presented in terms of the coherence matrix and Stokes–Mueller formalism. The obtained results reveal the origins of the helicity flip of CPL depending on the source–detector configuration and the properties of the medium and are in a good agreement with the experiment. Conclusions By integrating Jones and Stokes–Mueller formalisms, the combined MC approach allows for a more complete representation of polarization effects in complex optical systems. The developed model is suitable to imitate propagation of the light beams of different shape and profile, including Gaussian, Bessel, Hermite–Gaussian, and Laguerre–Gaussian beams, within tissue-like medium. Diverse configuration of the experimental conditions, coherent properties of light, and peculiarities of polarization can be also taken into account.

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Special Section Guest Editorial: Introduction to the Special Section Celebrating 30 years of Open Source Monte Carlo Codes in Biomedical Optics

Abstract: . The editorial introduces the JBO Special Section Celebrating 30 Years of Open Source Monte Carlo Codes in Biomedical Optics for Volume 27, Issue 8.

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

Optical, flow, and thermal analysis of a phototherapy extracorporeal membrane oxygenator for treating carbon monoxide poisoning

Optical, flow, and thermal analysis of a phototherapy extracorporeal membrane oxygenator for treating carbon monoxide poisoning

scatterBrains: an open database of human head models and companion optode locations for realistic Monte Carlo photon simulations

Exploring the evolution of circular polarized light backscattered from turbid tissue-like disperse medium utilizing generalized Monte Carlo modeling approach with a combined use of Jones and Stokes–Mueller formalisms

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