Specialized transduction of tetracycline resistance by phage P22 in Salmonella typhimurium

Chan, Russell K.; Botstein, David; Watanabe, Tsutomu; Ogata, Yasuko

doi:10.1016/0042-6822(72)90442-4

Cited by 275 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Other recombination alleles used in this study are recB497T MudJ and recC498TMudJ (Mahan and Roth 1989), recD543T Tn10dTc (Miesel and Roth 1994), and recJ504TMudCm (Mahan et al 1992). Transfer of transposon-tagged mutations to ATCC 14028 was performed by transductional crosses with phage P22 HT 105/1 int201 (Schmieger 1972), followed by lysogen disposal on green plates (Chan et al 1972). The sbcB21 allele, originally in the background of strain LT2, was introduced into ATCC 14028 by P22-mediated cotransduction with the zeb-6314TTn10dTc insertion.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repair of DNA Damage Induced by Bile Salts in Salmonella enterica

2006

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Exposure of Salmonella enterica to sodium cholate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium chenodeoxycholate, sodium glychocholate, sodium taurocholate, or sodium glycochenodeoxycholate induces the SOS response, indicating that the DNA-damaging activity of bile resides in bile salts. Bile increases the frequency of GC / AT transitions and induces the expression of genes belonging to the OxyR and SoxRS regulons, suggesting that bile salts may cause oxidative DNA damage. S. enterica mutants lacking both exonuclease III (XthA) and endonuclease IV (Nfo) are bile sensitive, indicating that S. enterica requires base excision repair (BER) to overcome DNA damage caused by bile salts. Bile resistance also requires DinB polymerase, suggesting the need of SOS-associated translesion DNA synthesis. Certain recombination functions are also required for bile resistance, and a key factor is the RecBCD enzyme. The extreme bile sensitivity of RecB À , RecC À , and RecA À RecD À mutants provides evidence that bile-induced damage may impair DNA replication.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repair of DNA Damage Induced by Bile Salts in Salmonella enterica

2006

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“…The transduction protocol was described by Maloy (1990). To obtain phage-free isolates, transductants were purified by streaking on green plates (Chan et al, 1972). Phage sensitivity was tested by cross-streaking with the clear-plaque mutant P22 H5.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence attenuation in Salmonella enterica rcsC mutants with constitutive activation of the Rcs system

et al. 2005

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Mutations in rcsC that result in constitutive colanic acid capsule synthesis were obtained in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Most rcsC alleles were dominant; however, recessive rcsC alleles were also found, in agreement with the postulated double role (positive and negative) of RcsC on the activation of the RcsB/C phosphorelay system. Salmonella rcsC mutants with constitutive activation of the Rcs system are severely attenuated for virulence in BALB/c mice and their degree of attenuation correlates with the level of Rcs activation. Partial relief of attenuation by a gmm mutation indicates that capsule overproduction is one of the factors leading to avirulence in constitutively activated rcsC mutants. INTRODUCTIONThe Rcs phosphorelay system was initially characterized in Escherichia coli as a two-component positive regulator of colanic acid capsule synthesis encoded by rcsC and rcsB (Brill et al., 1988;Gottesman et al., 1985;Stout & Gottesman, 1990). The sensor protein RcsC, a hybrid histidine kinase, and the transcriptional activator RcsB are the main components of the system, which also includes a second transcriptional activator, RcsA (Stout et al., 1991) and an intermediate phosphotransmitter, YojN (Takeda et al., 2001). The Rcs system is also a negative regulator of the flagellar master operon flhDC (Francez-Charlot et al., 2003), whose products are necessary for the expression of genes involved in flagellum synthesis, motility and chemotaxis.The first environmental signal shown to strongly and rapidly induce colanic acid synthesis was osmotic upshift (Sledjeski & Gottesman, 1996). This effect was mediated by the Rcs system. More recently it has been shown that the Rcs phosphorelay can be activated when wild-type cells are grown at 20 uC in the presence of glucose and a high concentration of Zn 2+ (Hagiwara et al., 2003). Furthermore, several genetic conditions that result in alterations in envelope composition or integrity are known to activate the Rcs system. For example, a mutation in the mdoH gene involved in the biosynthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides (Ebel et al., 1997) Here, we describe the isolation of Salmonella rcsC mutants with constitutive activation of the Rcs system, and the characterization of amino acid substitutions that lead to different degrees of activation of the system. Virulence trials with constitutively activated rcsC mutants provide a direct demonstration of the link between activation of the Rcs system and avirulence in mice. We also show that virulence attenuation associated with activation of the RcsB/C system is partially due to colanic acid overproduction. METHODSBacterial strains, bacteriophages and strain construction.S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strains used in this study are described in Table 1. Unless otherwise indicated, the strains derive from the mouse-virulent strain 14028. Transductional crosses using phage P22 HT 105/1 int201 (Schmieger, 1972) were used for strain construction operations. The transduction protocol was described by Maloy (199...

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“…typhimurium bacteriophage P22, P22 HT 105/1 int (HT phage) (Chan et al, 1972). In all cases, transductants were determined to be non-lysogens for phage P22 by growth on Green indicator plates (Davis et al, 1980) and sensitivity to the H5 derivative of P22 (Maloy, 1990 al., 1980; Difco) and tryptone broth (TB) (Miller, 1972; Difco).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strains used in this study were all derivatives of the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella typhimurium) strain SL1344 or TR6.583 and are listed in Table 1. Transductions were performed using a high-transducing derivative of S.typhimurium bacteriophage P22, P22 HT 105/1 int (HT phage) (Chan et al, 1972). In all cases, transductants were determined to be non-lysogens for phage P22 by growth on Green indicator plates (Davis et al, 1980) and sensitivity to the H5 derivative of P22 (Maloy, 1990 al., 1980; Difco) and tryptone broth (TB) (Miller, 1972; Difco).…”

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confidence: 99%

The medium-/long-chain fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (fadF) gene of Salmonella typhimurium is a phase 1 starvation-stress response (SSR) locus

et al. 1999

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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is an enteric pathogen that causes significant morbidity in humans and other mammals. During their life cycle, salmonellae must survive frequent exposures to a variety of environmental stresses, e.g. carbon-source (C) starvation. The starvation-stress response (SSR) of 5. typhimurium encompasses the genetic and physiological realignments that occur when an essential nutrient becomes limiting for bacterial growth. The function of the SSR is to produce a cell capable of surviving long-term starvation. This paper reports that three C-starvation-inducible lac fusions from an 5. typhimurium C-starvationinducible lac fusion library are all within a gene identified as fadF, which encodes an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACDH) specific for medium-/long-chain fatty acids. This identification is supported by several findings: (a) significant homology a t the amino acid sequence level with the ACDH enzymes from other bacteria and eukaryotes, (b) undetectable P-oxidation levels in fadF insertion mutants, (c) inability of fad insertion mutants to grow on oleate or decanoate as a sole C-source, and (d) inducibility of fadF::/ac fusions b y the long-chain fatty acid oleate. In addition, the results indicate that the C-starvation-induction of fadF is under negative control by the FadR global regulator and positive control by the CAMP: CAMP receptor protein complex and ppGpp. It is also shown that the fadF locus is important for C-starvationsurvival in S. typhimurium. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that fadF is induced within cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells, suggesting that signals for its induction (C-starvation and/or long-chain fatty acids) may be present in the intracellular environment encountered by 5. typhimurium. However, fadF insertion mutations did not have an overt effect on mouse virulence. M . P . S P E C T O R a n d OTHERS stress encountered by S. typhimurium and other bacteria is starvation for an energy-yielding carbon (C) source (Koch, 1971; Harder & Dijkhuizen, 1983;Roszak & Colwell, 1987;Moriarty & Bell, 1993). The changes in cellular physiology and gene expression that the organism undergoes in response first to limitation and then to starvation for an essential nutrient is referred to as the starvation-stress response (SSR) (Foster & Spector, 1986;Spector et al., 1986 Spector et al., ,1988Spector, 1990; reviewed by Spector & Foster, 1993 ;Spector, 1998 Using Mud-lac insertion techniques, a library of lac operon fusions to genetic loci induced during C-starvation has been identified in S. typhimurium. Characterization of some of the loci identified from this library (M. P. Spector, unpublished results) and from a previous library (Spector et al., 1988) has shown that gene induction in response to C-starvation occurs in a sequential manner, allowing the SSR to be divided into at least four phases, designated phase 0 through 3, based on the sequential timing of their induction (Spector & Foster, 1993). Each phase can be subd...

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Specialized transduction of tetracycline resistance by phage P22 in Salmonella typhimurium

Cited by 275 publications

References 26 publications

Repair of DNA Damage Induced by Bile Salts in Salmonella enterica

Repair of DNA Damage Induced by Bile Salts in Salmonella enterica

Virulence attenuation in Salmonella enterica rcsC mutants with constitutive activation of the Rcs system

The medium-/long-chain fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (fadF) gene of Salmonella typhimurium is a phase 1 starvation-stress response (SSR) locus

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