Speciation in Cave Faunas

Barr, and T C; Holsinger, John R.

doi:10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.001525

Cited by 213 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…All other major lineages, with Oligocene or Early Miocene origin, include only anophthalmous, endogean, interstitial or cave species (Additional file 1). This pattern strongly suggests that each of the geographical lineages diversified after the colonization of the subterranean medium took place, as suggested for other terrestrial [15,22,69,70] and stygobiontic [71] groups. This is in disagreement with both the climatic relict and the adaptive shift hypotheses, which assume multiple colonisations of the subterranean medium by closely related epigean ancestors and perceive the troglobitic taxa as evolutionary dead ends [18,20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

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Ancient origin of a Western Mediterranean radiation of subterranean beetles

et al. 2010

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BackgroundCave organisms have been used as models for evolution and biogeography, as their reduced above-ground dispersal produces phylogenetic patterns of area distribution that largely match the geological history of mountain ranges and cave habitats. Most current hypotheses assume that subterranean lineages arose recently from surface dwelling, dispersive close relatives, but for terrestrial organisms there is scant phylogenetic evidence to support this view. We study here with molecular methods the evolutionary history of a highly diverse assemblage of subterranean beetles in the tribe Leptodirini (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae) in the mountain systems of the Western Mediterranean.ResultsCa. 3.5 KB of sequence information from five mitochondrial and two nuclear gene fragments was obtained for 57 species of Leptodirini and eight outgroups. Phylogenetic analysis was robust to changes in alignment and reconstruction method and revealed strongly supported clades, each of them restricted to a major mountain system in the Iberian peninsula. A molecular clock calibration of the tree using the separation of the Sardinian microplate (at 33 MY) established a rate of 2.0% divergence per MY for five mitochondrial genes (4% for cox1 alone) and dated the nodes separating the main subterranean lineages before the Early Oligocene. The colonisation of the Pyrenean chain, by a lineage not closely related to those found elsewhere in the Iberian peninsula, began soon after the subterranean habitat became available in the Early Oligocene, and progressed from the periphery to the centre.ConclusionsOur results suggest that by the Early-Mid Oligocene the main lineages of Western Mediterranean Leptodirini had developed all modifications to the subterranean life and were already present in the main geographical areas in which they are found today. The origin of the currently recognised genera can be dated to the Late Oligocene-Miocene, and their diversification can thus be traced to Miocene ancestors fully adapted to subterranean life, with no evidence of extinct epigean, less modified lineages. The close correspondence of organismal evolution and geological record confirms them as an important study system for historical biogeography and molecular evolution.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…They are prone to become extinct before being replaced by lineages newly derived from epigean species that re-colonise the subterranean medium [4,15]. There are two general hypotheses regarding the origin of the subterranean fauna (see [4,16,17] for reviews): the climatic relict and the habitat shift hypotheses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancient origin of a Western Mediterranean radiation of subterranean beetles

et al. 2010

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“…In addition to dark man-made habitats, caves are perfect habitats for Charinus species to occupy, and this environment can exert strong selective pressures, leading over time to speciation events (Barr Jr. & Holsinger 1985). Species found in caves can have different ecological-evolutionary specializations, being restricted to life in cavities (troglobites), or having strong affinities to caves but being able to live outside them (troglophiles), or living in caves but being required to leave periodically (trogloxenes) for various needs (Sket 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Species found in caves can have different ecological-evolutionary specializations, being restricted to life in cavities (troglobites), or having strong affinities to caves but being able to live outside them (troglophiles), or living in caves but being required to leave periodically (trogloxenes) for various needs (Sket 2008). Speciation in caves is a relatively fast event (Barr Jr. & Holsinger 1985) that can happen under a variety of conditions, even when gene flow is present among populations (Nosil 2008). Troglobite species usually have morphological adaptations such as reduction or complete loss of vision and pigmentation, as well as elongation of appendages (Sket 2008;Trajano 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new species of Charinus Simon, 1892 (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae) from Israel and new records of C. ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959)

Miranda

Aharon

Gavish‐Regev

et al. 2016

EJT

741

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Abstract.A new species of Charinus is described from Israel and new localities for C. ioanniticus are reported. Charinus israelensis sp. nov. is a cave dwelling species with extremely small median eyes, no median tubercle and reduced lateral eyes. It is similar to C. ioanniticus, which occurs in nearby areas, but can be differentiated by the shape of the carapace, the number of pedipalp spines and the development of the eyes. A detailed comparison is made between the two species, including pictures, drawings and scanning electron micrographs. Charinus ioanniticus is reported here from several new localities in Israel and Turkey. Identification keys to the Charinus species groups and to the species of the bengalensis group are provided.

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“…These wildlife species introduce energy into the nutrient-poor environments in the form of scat, nesting materials, and occasionally carcasses. These deposits provide a nutrient source for troglophiles, species that can complete their entire life cycle in the cave or in a similar habitat aboveground, and troglobites, cave-adapted organisms that never leave caves (Barr and Holsinger, 1985). Therefore, to better understand the nutrient flow into the cave, it is logical to study the use of the cave by cave accidentals and trogloxenes at their point of entrance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying wildlife use of cave entrances using remote camera traps

Baker

2015

JCKS

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Digital infrared remote camera traps were placed at the entrance of twelve caves in Great Basin National Park, Nevada during the summer of 2013 to assess the wildlife use of cave entrances. The use of caves by surface wildlife is a major nutrient source for cave organisms that spend their entire lives underground. Cave entrances varied in size (0.9 to 50 m 2 ), cave length (10 to 1000 m), surface habitat (riparian versus pinyon/juniper), and management approach (gated versus no gate). Data from eight cave entrances are presented, with four other entrances removed from the analysis due to equipment failure. The cameras were deployed for a total of 372 trap days, with an average of 46.5 days per cave (range 28 to 62). The cameras captured 632 trap events, with separate events defined as more than an hour apart for the same species. Of the seventeen taxa documented, the most abundant species photographed were mice, chipmunks, humans, woodrats, and squirrels. Other species observed in cave entrances were cottontail rabbits, bats, skunks, foxes, insects, birds, and domestic dogs. Wildlife entered and exited caves most frequently between 1800 and 0600. Very little information has been previously documented about fauna using cave entrances, and this non-invasive, repeatable technique can help managers learn more about the dominant species using the entrance and twilight areas of the caves they manage, as well as peak use times.

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Speciation in Cave Faunas

Cited by 213 publications

References 57 publications

Ancient origin of a Western Mediterranean radiation of subterranean beetles

Ancient origin of a Western Mediterranean radiation of subterranean beetles

A new species of Charinus Simon, 1892 (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae) from Israel and new records of C. ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959)

Quantifying wildlife use of cave entrances using remote camera traps

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