Species diversity of Amorphophallus (Araceae) in Bali and Lombok with attention to genetic study in A. paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson

Abstract

Kurniawan A, Wibawa IPAH, Adjie B (2011) Species diversity of Amorphophallus (Araceae) in Bali and Lombok with attention to genetic study in A. paeoniifolius (Dennst.) . Amorphophallus belongs to Araceae family that consists of more than 170 species worldwide and distributed predominantly in tropical countries, especially in Asia and Africa. The study of Amorphophallus in Bali and Lombok Islands had been conducted to reveal its diversity. Genetic study was also conducted among Amorphophallus paeoniifolius species to recognize the variation within the species. The fieldworks showed three species Amorphophallus distributed in Bali, notably A. muelleri Blume, A. paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson, A. variabilis Blume and two species in Lombok, notably A. muelleri and A. paeoniifolius. Var. hortensis and var. sylvestris were two varieties of A. paeoniifolius that commonly found either in Bali or in Lombok. Genetic study on A. paeoniifolius indicated that there was no genetic variation in cpDNA region of trnL-F IGS within the species.

Ethnobotany of suweg (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius): Folk classification, habitat, and traditional conservation in Cisoka Village, Majalengka District, Cimanuk Watershed Region, Indonesia

“…When inflorescence is flowering, it's commonly known with a bad smell that appears early in the evening. Only unripening infrastructure found during fieldwork, cylindrical, densely arranged, green; the ripening fruit is orange-red with 1-3 seeded (Jansen et al 1996;Kurniawan et al 2011). In addition, Pratama (2011) states that this plant has several characteristics including the green to brownish green petiole, plain patterned to have rounded or oval-shaped patches of white to yellowish, smooth surface, length ranging from 5.2-160 cm, diameter 0.05-2.3 cm; tubers between 7.5-12.7 cm in diameter, white tuber flesh with tuber skins brownish-white, there are several buds; spatha in yellowish-green inflorescence, the lower speckled with various shades, having a length of about 5-22.4 cm, diameter 1.3-4.1 cm; yellowish-white male flowers up to brown, 2.2-6.8 cm long, 1.1-3.1 cm in diameter; and female flowers are yellow on the head of the green bottom, 2-5 cm long, 1.1-2.8 cm in diameter.…”

“…Leaf blade of A. paeoniifolius is light green to dark green, with a smooth surface. The petiole is light green to dark green and has a white bottle, speckled surface, divided into three secondary stems, 3.3-10 cm in diameter, and 75-100 cm in length (Jintan et al 2015); petiole dark green, light green, light greenish-yellow, and brownish-green (Permatasari et al 2014); leaves 100-150 cm in diameter, highly fragmented oval-shaped oblong and winged rachis, petiole such as warty-thorny and grooved folding, dark brown-greenish brown in wild species and slightly wintered-spiny or smooth, pale green-green on the type of cultivation with whitish green dots in both wild and cultivated species (Kurniawan et al 2011); pale green up to dark green or black-green petiole with small and largesized patches, stems reaching 2 meters in height, and 20 cm in diameter (Yuzammi et al 2017); the petiole is usually strongly warty, rarely smooth, always blotched and never striped (Sedayu et al 2010). Brownish-yellow tubers (Jintan et al 2015); dark brown, up to 15 kg in weight (Yuzammi 2017); tuber skin is blackish brown, tuber flesh is purplish yellow, and has a petiole diameter of 20-25 cm (Govi et al 2017).…”

“…Brownish-yellow tubers (Jintan et al 2015); dark brown, up to 15 kg in weight (Yuzammi 2017); tuber skin is blackish brown, tuber flesh is purplish yellow, and has a petiole diameter of 20-25 cm (Govi et al 2017). A. paeoniifolius flowers are large and give off a scent like a carcass, a sheath measuring 10-30 x 15-50 cm with an upper sheath surrounding the cob, the cob is longer than the sheath, the outer sheath is palebrown green with pale green-whitish dots, the inner shell of a dark brown shiny-red purplish heart, and has a shorter stem than the petiole and elongates when bearing fruit (Kurniawan et al 2011); the smell of rotten meat (Kite and Hettersceid 2017). Root of A. paeoniifolius is root spreading (Singh et al 2010); cylindrical shape, growing horizontally extending to more than 1 m during the rainy season, whereas in the dry season the length is up to less than 30 cm and its thickness is 2-5 mm (Ravi et al 2009); root length up to about 50-60 cm (Govi et al 2017).…”

Ethnobotany of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius: Morphology, folk classification, and habitat in area around Ciremai Mountain, Cimanuk Watershed Region, West Java, Indonesia

“…The public's knowledge related to leaf morphology is in some ways in line with some of the results of scientific research. Kurniawan et al (2011) inform that the suweg leaves are split with oval-shaped like egg and winged rachis, have a diameter of 100-150 cm, the petiole has a warty-thorny and grooved surface. In wild variants, the petioles are dark brown-greenish brown and slightly warty or smooth, whereas in the cultivation variant, the petioles are pale-green green.…”

A comparison of efficiency parameters of SSR markers and genetic diversity analysis in Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson

“…Amorphophallus (Elephant foot yam) is a genus of perennial plants belonging to Araceae family [ 1 ]. This genus includes more than 170 species, which are mainly distributed in the tropics or subtropics of West Africa and South Asia [ 2 ].…”