Species-, Gender-, and Pregnancy-Related Differences in the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cocaine

Ho, Morishima; Ra, Whittington

doi:10.1037/e495712006-003

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…A growing body of well controlled studies have used animal models to document neurotoxic properties of cocaine capable of producing negative developmental effects in exposed fetuses (Spear, 1996;Thadani, 1995). Although the generalizability of animal research to human outcomes is not clear cut (Morishima & Whittington, 1995;Needlman, Frank, Augustyn, & Zuckerman, 1995), studies with human neonates also suggest that in utero exposure to cocaine is associated with atypical neurobehavioral outcomes in newborns (see Singer, Arendt, & Minnes, 1993or Volpe, 1992, for reviews).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of prenatal cocaine exposure and maternal postpartum psychological distress to child developmental outcome

et al. 1997

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Maternal cocaine use during pregnancy can affect the infant directly through toxic effects or indirectly through cocaine's influence on maternal psychological status. We followed 160 cocaine exposed and 56 nonexposed infants and their mothers identified at birth through interview and/or urine screen. Although cocaine exposure defined the groups, infant exposure to alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco was allowed to vary. Infants were 99% African American and poor. All mothers completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and infants were given the Bayley Scales of Mental (MDI) and Motor (PDI) Development at a mean corrected age of 17 ± 8 months. Both MDIs (94 ± 17 vs. 103 ± 16) and PDIs (101 ± 16 vs. 108 ± 12) were lower for cocaine exposed infants. Psychological distress was greater in cocaine using mothers. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to assess the relative effects of gestational age, maternal psychological distress, and cocaine and polydrug exposure on infant outcomes. Both psychological distress and cocaine and alcohol exposure predicted lower MDIs after controlling for prematurity. Neither psychological distress nor alcohol exposure predicted motor outcome, while cocaine had a significant effect. Tobacco and marijuana exposure were unrelated to outcome. These findings provide further support for direct effects of cocaine and alcohol on infant development, as well as highlight the need for studies to document maternal psychological factors, which may increase child risk for poorer outcomes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of prenatal cocaine exposure and maternal postpartum psychological distress to child developmental outcome

et al. 1997

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“…However, because the low prevalence and illicit nature of drug abuse make subject recruitment and data collection difficult, most of these studies have collapsed subjects across drug class or gender, although epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies have shown drug abuse liability to vary by both variables (Regier et al, 1990;Kosten et al, 1993;Morishima and Whittington, 1995;Warner et al, 1995;Caetano and Schafer, 1996;Koob and Nestler, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and environmental influences on drug use and abuse/dependence in male and female twins

Bree

Johnson²,

Neale

et al. 1998

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

214

129

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Twins were recruited through alcohol and drug treatment programs. With structural equation modeling, genetic and environmental estimates were obtained for use and DSM-III abuse/dependence of sedatives, opioids, cocaine, stimulants, and cannabis as well as any illicit drug. Analyses were conducted separately for males and females. Models included thresholds based on population prevalence of use or abuse/dependence and ever having been in treatment. Genetic influences were found for most measures. They were generally stronger for males than females and for clinical diagnoses of abuse/dependence compared to use. Common environmental influences played a greater role in use than abuse/dependence.

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“…13 In addition, the slower metabolism of cocaine in men explains their higher risk of toxicity, as opposed to women. 14 Our results indicate that EM literature is reporting less gender-specific data than comparable reviews from other sources. We found that 21% of the EM studies did not even list the gender of the participants, and only 18% studied the independent effect of gender on their outcome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 34%

Inclusion of Gender in Emergency Medicine Research

Safdar

McGregor

McKee

et al. 2011

Academic Emergency Medicine

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Species-, Gender-, and Pregnancy-Related Differences in the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cocaine

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Relationship of prenatal cocaine exposure and maternal postpartum psychological distress to child developmental outcome

Relationship of prenatal cocaine exposure and maternal postpartum psychological distress to child developmental outcome

Genetic and environmental influences on drug use and abuse/dependence in male and female twins

Inclusion of Gender in Emergency Medicine Research

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