Species in the Cryptococcus gattii Complex Differ in Capsule and Cell Size following Growth under Capsule-Inducing Conditions

Fernandes, Kenya E.; Dwyer, Christine; Campbell, Leona T.; Carter, Dee

doi:10.1128/msphere.00350-16

Cited by 39 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…4B). These observations were consistent with those of previous work that showed that VGI molecular type strains have larger capsules (26). NLE in C. neoformans-and C. gattii-infected macrophages.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Conservation of Intracellular Pathogenic Strategy among Distantly Related Cryptococcal Species

Freij

Rodriguez

et al. 2018

Infect Immun

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The genus includes several species pathogenic for humans. Until recently, the two major pathogenic species were recognized to be and We compared the interaction of murine macrophages with three species complex strains (WM179, R265, and WM161, representing molecular types VGI, VGIIa, and VGIII, respectively) and one species complex strain (H99, molecular type VNI) to ascertain similarities and differences in the yeast intracellular pathogenic strategy. The parameters analyzed included nonlytic exocytosis frequency, phagolysosomal pH, intracellular capsular growth, phagolysosomal membrane permeabilization, and macrophage transcriptional response, assessed using time-lapse microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and gene expression microarray analysis. The most striking result was that the intracellular pathogenic strategies of and species complex strains were qualitatively similar, despite the species having separated an estimated 100 million years ago. Macrophages exhibited a leaky phagolysosomal membrane phenotype and nonlytic exocytosis when infected with either or Conservation of the intracellular strategy among species that separated long ago suggests that it is ancient and possibly maintained by similar selection pressures through eons.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Conservation of Intracellular Pathogenic Strategy among Distantly Related Cryptococcal Species

Freij

Rodriguez

et al. 2018

Infect Immun

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“…Analysis of the signalling networks responsible for the increased thermotolerance of the SCH9 protein kinase mutant identified the heat shock transcription factor HSF1 to have both transcriptional repressing and activating activities with thermal stress [32]. Interestingly, C. gattii strains exhibit reduced thermotolerance in comparison to C. neoformans, apart from the VGII group containing the Vancouver Outbreak strains [33]. However, environmental VGII C. gatti growth in Vancouver Island was positively correlated with temperate conditions [34].…”

Section: Surviving the Warm-blooded Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cause and effect of Cryptococcus interactions with the host

Ballou

Johnston

2017

Current Opinion in Microbiology

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Upon Cryptococcus neoformans infection of the host lung, the fungus enters a nutrient poor environment and must adapt to a variety of host-specific stress conditions (temperature, nutrient limitation, pH, CO). Fungal spores enter this milieu with limited nutritional reserves, germinate, and begin proliferating by budding as yeast. Although relatively little is known about the initial stages of infection, recent work has characterized changes that occur upon germination. This program and subsequent yeast-phase proliferation progress in a dynamic environment as host nutrient immunity responds to the infection via toxic accumulation or sequestration of essential micronutrients and innate immune cells are recruited to the site of infection. Adaptation to the host environment and evasion of the immune response through pathogenicity factor expression allows proliferation and dissemination to multiple sites throughout the body, including, most significantly for human disease, the central nervous system. Here we will discuss recent insights into mechanisms underlying C. neoformans interactions with the host during infection.

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“…The isolate grew and produced blue pigment on CGB agar which is unique to C. gattii species (Figure 3A) (30). Cryptococcus produces a hydrophilic extracellular capsule as a means of evading the host immune system (31). To analyze capsule production, India ink staining and microscopic evaluation was performed after growth in CO 2 -independent medium for 72 hours at 37°C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptococcus deuterogattii VGIIa infection associated with travel to the Pacific Northwest outbreak region in an anti-GM-CSF autoantibody positive patient in the United States

Clancey

Ciccone

Coelho

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The Pacific Northwest (PNW), Vancouver Island, Oregon, and Washington have been the location of an ongoing Cryptococcus gattii outbreak since the 1990s, and there is evidence that the outbreak is expanding along the West Coast into California. Here we report a clinical case of a 69-year-old, HIV-negative man from North Carolina who was diagnosed with a fungal brain mass by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pathology. He had traveled to Seattle and Vancouver three years earlier and Costa Rica four months prior to presentation. Phenotypic evidence shows the fungal mass isolated from the patient's brain is C. gattii. In agreement with the phenotypic results, MLST provides genotypic evidence that assigns the infecting organism within in the C. gattii species complex and belonging to the C. deuterogattii VGIIa clade. Whole genome sequencing revealed >99.99% identity to the C. deuterogattii reference strain R265, indicating that the infecting strain is derived from the highly clonal outbreak strains in the PNW. We conclude the patient acquired the C. gattii infection during his travel to region three years prior and the infection was dormant for an extended period of time before causing disease. The patient tested positive for anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) autoantibodies, supporting earlier reports that implicate these autoantibodies as a risk factor a risk factor associated with C. gattii infection.

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Species in the Cryptococcus gattii Complex Differ in Capsule and Cell Size following Growth under Capsule-Inducing Conditions

Cited by 39 publications

References 60 publications

Conservation of Intracellular Pathogenic Strategy among Distantly Related Cryptococcal Species

Conservation of Intracellular Pathogenic Strategy among Distantly Related Cryptococcal Species

The cause and effect of Cryptococcus interactions with the host

Cryptococcus deuterogattii VGIIa infection associated with travel to the Pacific Northwest outbreak region in an anti-GM-CSF autoantibody positive patient in the United States

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