“…The increase in unbiased subjects observed in all three species, rather than an increase in the nonspecies typical pattern (for example, a significant increase in left footedness rather than right footedness) further supports the idea that late stage hatching behaviors are a canalizing influence on the development of postnatal motor laterality in these species. Moreover, the egg opening procedures used to disrupt hatching behaviors in this study have been routinely employed for over 80 years (see Oppenheim, Levin, & Harth, 1973 for a review of egg-opening techniques) and do not appear to have a negative influence on the development of other forms of species typical behavior (Gottlieb, 1968(Gottlieb, , 1971Gottlieb, Tomlinson, & Radell, 1989;Rogers & Workman, 1989), physiological processes and brain function (Rogers, 1982;Vince, 1972), prenatal auditory learning (Sleigh, Columbus, & Lickliter, 1996), sensory dominance hierarchies (Lickliter, 1994;McBride & Lickliter, 1995), intersensory functioning (Lickliter, 1990a;Lickliter & Virkar, 1989;Radell & Gottlieb, 1992), reproductive behaviors and visual discrimination abilities (Rogers, 1990), and a wide range of perceptual abilities (Banker & Lickliter, 1993;Heaton & Galleher, 1981;Heaton, Miller, & Goodwin, 1978;Lickliter, 1990b;Lickliter & Lewkowicz, 1995;Lickliter & Stoumbos, 1991;Sleigh & Lickliter, 1995, 1996. Indeed, the negative effects of disrupting the final stages of hatching seem to be specific to the development of postnatal motor biases.…”