Species-specific defense reactions: Retrospect and prospect.

Fanselow, Michael S.

doi:10.1037/10223-016

Cited by 32 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Cue-elicited freezing was measured in massed trials during the 2-min baseline and 6 min of the cue presentation. Freezing was defined as the cessation of all movement except that required for respiration (Blanchard and Blanchard, 1969; Fanselow, 1997). The freezing recognition software converted the cumulative time spent freezing into a percentage score (100% freezing duration ÷ total duration).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory trace fear conditioning requires perirhinal cortex

Kholodar-Smith

Boguszewski

Brown

2008

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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The hippocampus is well-known to be critical for trace fear conditioning, but nothing is known about the importance of perirhinal cortex (PR), which has reciprocal connections with hippocampus. PR damage severely impairs delay fear conditioning to ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and discontinuous tones (pips), but has no effect on delay conditioning to continuous tones (KholodarSmith, Allen, and Brown, in press). Here we demonstrate that trace auditory fear conditioning also critically depends on PR function. The trace interval between the CS offset and the US onset was 16 s. Pre-training neurotoxic lesions were produced through multiple injections of N-methyl-D-aspartate along the full length of PR, which was directly visualized during the injections. Control animals received injections with phosphate-buffered saline. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the lesion volumes demonstrated that the neurotoxic damage was well-localized to PR and included most of its anterior-posterior extent. Automated video analysis quantified freezing behavior, which served as the conditional response. PR-damaged rats were profoundly impaired in trace conditioning to either of three different CSs (a USV, tone pips, and a continuous tone) as well as conditioning to the training context. Within both the lesion and control groups, the type of cue had no effect on the mean CR. The overall PR lesion effect size was 2.7 for cue conditioning and 3.9 for context conditioning. We suggest that the role of PR in trace fear conditioning may be distinct from some of its more perceptual functions. The results further define the essential circuitry underlying trace fear conditioning to auditory cues. Keywords ultrasonic vocalizations; parahippocampal; discontiguous information; auditory objects; context conditioning Several lines of evidence suggest that perirhinal cortex (PR) functions to bind separate stimulus elements together into unitary representations Barense, Bussey, Lee, Rogers, Davies, Saksida, Murray, and Graham, 2005;Buffalo et al., 2006;Graham, Scahill, Hornberger, Barense, Lee, Bussey, and Saksida, 2006;Murray, Bussey, and Saksida, 2007; Kholodar-Smith, Allen, and Brown, in press). First, PR damage severely impairs performance on object-recognition tasks (Murray and Bussey, 1999; Bussey, Saksida, Address correspondence: Thomas H. Brown, Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06520,, Email: thomas.brown@yale.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. and Murray, 2002;Petrulis and Eichenbaum, 2003;Norman and Eacott, 2004;Lee et al., 2005;B...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory trace fear conditioning requires perirhinal cortex

Kholodar-Smith

Boguszewski

Brown

2008

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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“…The curious finding from Experiment I that plumage color influenced conditioned grab behavior more than it affected conditioned approach behavior is consistent with the concepts of behavior systems theory. Behavior systems theories have been developed to characterize how rats learn about feeding and defensive behavior (Fanselow, 1994(Fanselow, , 1997Timberlake, 1983Timberlake, , 1994 and how quail learn about copulatory opportunity (Domjan, 1994). In these behavior systems, different types of responses are presumed to be sensitive to different types of environmental stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facilitation of appetitive conditioning with naturalistic conditioned stimuli: CS and US factors

Cusato

Domjan

2000

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Adding limited female cues to a conditioned stimulus (CS) facilitates conditioned male sexual responding, In two experiments, we examined the mechanisms of this facilitation effect, The color of the female cues on the CS was varied in Experiment L Similarity between the CS plumage color and the color of the live female (the unconditioned stimulus [US])could only partially account for the results. The extent to which the facilitation effect represents a specialization of sexual behavior was examined in Experiment 2 by comparing conditioning with either food or copulation as the US. The CSs with female cues elicited more approach and grab responses regardless of which US was used. However, uniquely sexual conditioned responses (mounts and cloacal contacts) were enhanced only when sexual reinforcement served as the US. These findings suggest that the facilitation effect of female cues represents a general feature of appetitive behavior systems.

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“…Similarly, after a 2 min baseline period, cue-specific responding was assessed in a shifted context for an 8 min period, with freezing quantified during the 60 sec interval just before CS onset, during the 6 min CS presentation, and then for another 60 sec after CS offset. Freezing was defined as cessation of all movement, except that required for respiration (Blanchard and Blanchard, 1969;Fanselow, 1997). The total duration of freezing was measured during the 8 min interval for context testing and for each of the three stages of cue testing (60 sec pre-CS, 6 min during the CS, and 60 sec post-CS) and then converted to a percentage score (time freezing/total interval time).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perirhinal Cortex Supports Delay Fear Conditioning to Rat Ultrasonic Social Signals

Lindquist¹,

Jarrard²,

Brown³

2004

J. Neurosci.

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Auditory information can reach the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) through a monosynaptic thalamic projection or a polysynaptic cortical route. The polymodal input from the perirhinal cortex (PR) is a major informational gateway to the LA and nearby structures. Pretraining PR lesions impair fear conditioning to a context, but there have been no reports that they cause deficits in delay conditioning to an auditory cue. The direct subcortical projection to the LA seems sufficient to support delay conditioning to a tone conditional stimulus (CS). We examined the effect of PR lesions on delay conditioning to two different tone conditional stimuli (4 and 22 kHz tones; both 10 sec duration) and two different rat ultrasonic vocalization (USV) conditional stimuli (10 sec of "22 kHz USVs"). The two USV conditional stimuli were multi-call segments that were recorded (digitized at 100 kHz) from two different rats. One USV CS was a continuous sequence of eight calls, and the other was a portion of a continuous sequence of six calls. PR lesions significantly impaired conditioning to both USV conditional stimuli and to the training context but had no significant effect on conditioning to either tone CS. The role of PR in fear conditioning appears not to be determined by whether the conditional stimuli serve as contexts or cues, but instead by the nature or complexity of the stimuli or stimulus configurations. These cue-specific effects of PR lesions are suggested to reflect differences in the stimulus features that are encoded in the two CS pathways to the LA.

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Species-specific defense reactions: Retrospect and prospect.

Cited by 32 publications

References 62 publications

Auditory trace fear conditioning requires perirhinal cortex

Auditory trace fear conditioning requires perirhinal cortex

Facilitation of appetitive conditioning with naturalistic conditioned stimuli: CS and US factors

Perirhinal Cortex Supports Delay Fear Conditioning to Rat Ultrasonic Social Signals

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