“…For instance, deep zones of the Amazonian mainstems (median depth of 20–30 m in the Solimoes river for instance) may buffer air‐temperature changes and serve as thermal refuges, further delaying species responses, while natural barriers like rapids and waterfalls may increase their dispersal lag (Gibson‐Reinemer et al., 2017; Torrente‐Vilara, Zuanon, Leprieur, Oberdorff, & Tedesco, 2011). Mountain streams, such as in the Andean Amazon, can reduce the dispersal lag and even act as thermal refugia because warming rates and climate velocities in headwater streams should remain low, owing to local temperature gradients related to steep topography (Isaak et al., 2016; Troia et al., 2019). Other additional non‐climatic habitat conditions (e.g., habitat size, substrate) may preclude the establishment of species dispersing upstream (Troia et al., 2019).…”