Specific adsorption induced electric double layer on gallium-based liquid metal electrode

Exploring the Failure Mechanisms and Embrittlement of Liquid Metal-Coated Zinc Anodes in Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries

“…This starkly contrasts with the typically robust mechanical properties of metallic Zn electrodes. Earlier studies employing Ga-based coatings did not report this embrittlement, which is surprising given that Zn is known to be embrittled not only by Ga but also by Sn and In (as well as other metals), which have been the most frequently used elements in liquid metal coatings in ZIBs. ,,− Therefore, future studies should carefully evaluate the impact on the structural and mechanical properties of Zn anodes when using Ga, Sn, and In-based coatings.…”

“…The reason behind dendrite growth on zinc metal anodes arises from the uneven Zn 2+ plating due to a variation in electric field and/or local concentration gradients of Zn 2+ ions perpendicular to the surface during the deposition . To overcome these challenges, various approaches have been employed to mitigate dendritic effects and favor uniform Zn plating/stripping. ,− Among these are the use of lower current densities, higher operating temperatures, the use of protective layers − including carbon composites/coatings, − nanoporous structures to promote uniform zinc nucleation − or ion diffusion/electron transport, functionalized separators, electrolyte coadditives or highly concentrated electrolytes, − solid state/gel electrolytes, , nonaqueous electrolytes, ionic liquids/deep eutectic solvents, , and utilization of eutectic/liquid metal alloy coatings. ,,− Eutectic alloys, which will be investigated in this study, have melting points below room temperature at certain compositions, forming a liquid metal (LM) and an assocaited stable solid–liquid anode interface . Eutectic alloys explored for ZIBs typically consist of Ga, Sn, and In, and are used as corrosion-resistant coatings on the Zn anode.…”