Specific Amino Acids Affect Cardiovascular Diseases and Atherogenesis via Protection against Macrophage Foam Cell Formation: Review Article

Grajeda‐Iglesias, Claudia; Aviram, Michael

doi:10.5041/rmmj.10337

Cited by 56 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…The connection between atherosclerosis and cholesterol accumulation is therefore, well-established (36). However, several recent studies indicate that the relative presence and/or absence of certain AAs may also contribute to atherosclerosis development and occurrence (37). One such study utilizing a rabbit atherosclerosis model reports alterations in the levels of several proteins, metabolites, and AAs in rabbit aorta, as well as in both rabbit and human plasma, suggesting that some of these molecules may be potential atherosclerosis biomarkers (38).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One such study utilizing a rabbit atherosclerosis model reports alterations in the levels of several proteins, metabolites, and AAs in rabbit aorta, as well as in both rabbit and human plasma, suggesting that some of these molecules may be potential atherosclerosis biomarkers (38). Some specific AAs such as Gly and BCAAs such as valine (Val), Leu, and isoleucine (Ile) can ameliorate cell metabolic processes through mitochondrial biogenesis (39), influencing macrophage foam cells and altering lipid metabolism (37). The effect of the described amino acids on atherosclerosis and related diseases in animal models and humans is shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, BCAAs may also impact atherosclerosis prevention and offer a novel therapeutic strategy for certain individuals at risk of coronary events (37). ICs are impaired during atherosclerotic formation, and such aberrations of normal functioning correlate with the levels of specific AAs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atherosclerosis Linked to Aberrant Amino Acid Metabolism and Immunosuppressive Amino Acid Catabolizing Enzymes

et al. 2020

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Cardiovascular disease is the leading global health concern and responsible for more deaths worldwide than any other type of disorder. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in the arterial wall, which underpins several types of cardiovascular disease. It has emerged that a strong relationship exists between alterations in amino acid (AA) metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have reported positive correlations between levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) such as leucine, valine, and isoleucine in plasma and the occurrence of metabolic disturbances. Elevated serum levels of BCAAs indicate a high cardiometabolic risk. Thus, BCAAs may also impact atherosclerosis prevention and offer a novel therapeutic strategy for specific individuals at risk of coronary events. The metabolism of AAs, such as L-arginine, homoarginine, and L-tryptophan, is recognized as a critical regulator of vascular homeostasis. Dietary intake of homoarginine, taurine, and glycine can improve atherosclerosis by endothelium remodeling. Available data also suggest that the regulation of AA metabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and arginases 1 and 2 are mediated through various immunological signals and that immunosuppressive AA metabolizing enzymes are promising therapeutic targets against atherosclerosis. Further clinical studies and basic studies that make use of animal models are required. Here we review recent data examining links between AA metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atherosclerosis Linked to Aberrant Amino Acid Metabolism and Immunosuppressive Amino Acid Catabolizing Enzymes

et al. 2020

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“…Reduced HDL-cholesterol levels are associated with incidence of heart diseases ( 64 ) and our findings reflected that increased BCAA levels in the AA are correlated with marked reduction in HDL in our patient cohort. Prior reports have shown that levels of plasma dimethyl glycine and glycine improves risk prediction in patients with coronary heart disease and MI ( 45 , 65 ) and increased plasma glycine levels are protective against the risk of developing CVD ( 45 , 66 ). Our findings suggest that increases in BCAA catabolic enzyme expression in the AA alters plasma glycine profile making the heart more susceptible to cardiac injury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Outcomes in Obese Cardiac Surgery Patients Correlates With Altered Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism in Adipose Tissue and Heart

et al. 2020

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Background: Predicting relapses of post-operative complications in obese patients who undergo cardiac surgery is significantly complicated by persistent metabolic maladaptation associated with obesity. Despite studies supporting the linkages of increased systemic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) driving the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolome wide studies have either supported or challenged association of circulating BCAAs with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Objective: We interrogated whether BCAA catabolic changes precipitated by obesity in the heart and adipose tissue can be reliable prognosticators of adverse outcomes following cardiac surgery. Our study specifically clarified the correlation between BCAA catabolizing enzymes, cellular BCAAs and branched-chain keto acids (BCKAs) with the severity of cardiometabolic outcomes in obese patients pre and post cardiac surgery. Methods: Male and female patients of ages between 44 and 75 were stratified across different body mass index (BMI) (non-obese = 17, pre-obese = 19, obese class I = 14, class II = 17, class III = 12) and blood, atrial appendage (AA), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) collected during cardiac surgery. Plasma and intracellular BCAAs and BC ketoacids (BCKAs), tissue mRNA and protein expression and activity of BCAA catabolizing enzymes were assessed and correlated with clinical parameters. Results: Intramyocellular, but not systemic, BCAAs increased with BMI in cardiac surgery patients. In SAT, from class III obese patients, mRNA and protein expression of BCAA catabolic enzymes and BCKA dehydrogenase (BCKDH) enzyme activity was decreased. Within AA, a concomitant increase in mRNA levels of BCAA metabolizing enzymes was observed, independent of changes in BCKDH protein expression or activity. BMI, indices of tissue dysfunction and duration of hospital stay following surgery correlated with BCAA metabolizing enzyme expression and metabolite levels in AA and SAT. Conclusion: This study proposes that in a setting of obesity, dysregulated BCAA catabolism could be an effective surrogate to determine cardiac surgery outcomes and plausibly predict premature re-hospitalization.

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“…Amino acid exists in two stereoisomeric forms, L forms and D forms, most of which are L-isomers. The amounts of D-AAs are dramatically low in human body [1]. So far, there are about 500 α-amino acids were discovered in nature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of five essential amino acids in plasma of Hyperlipidemic subjects by UPLC-MS/MS

Chen

Lin

et al. 2020

Lipids Health Dis

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Background: Millions of adults have been reported with hyperlipemia in the world. It is still unclear whether the plasma level of essential amino acids (AAs) will be influenced by the hyperlipemia. This study was aimed to investigate the AAs levels and the underlying metabolic relationship in hyperlipidemic subjects. Methods: An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of phenylalanine (Phe), valine (Val), histidine (His), tryptophan (Trp), and methionine (Met). Plasma samples (100 μL) were precipitated by acetonitrile (300 μL) and analyzed on a BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) column at 40°C by gradient elution. The mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile was used with flow rate at 0.2-0.4 ml/0-3 min. Five AAs were determined at positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) at m/z 118.1/72.1 (Val), 150.12/104.02(Met), 156.06/110.05(His), 166.1/120.1(Phe), and 205.2/188.02 (Trp). A total of 75 healthy subjects and 83 hyperlipidemic subjects, who had blood routine test and plasma lipid test were determined by developed UPLC-MS/MS. Results: It was shown that there was good linearity for Val, Met, His, Phe, and Trp within 1-100 μg/mL. The relative standard deviations of precision and accuracy were all within 15%. The level of Val, Phe, Trp, His, and Met were 35.34 ± 15.64, 22.72 ± 9.13, 17.23 ± 4.94, 16.78 ± 13.64, and 6.24 ± 1.97 μg/mL in healthy subjects, while they were 38. 04 ± 16.70, 22.41 ± 8.45, 15.62 ± 5.77, 18.35 ± 14.49, and 6.21 ± 1.97 μg/mL in hyperlipidemic subjects respectively. The Spearman's correlations analysis showed that there were high correlations between Val, Phe, Trp, His, Met and triglyceride in healthy subjects. While, those correlations decreased in hyperlipemia cases. Conclusion: A convenient and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of Val, Phe, Trp, His, and Met in human plasma was developed. There was a high correlation between Val, Phe, Trp, His, Met and triglyceride. Hyperlipemia influences the metabolic balance of His, Phe, Trp, Met and Val.

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Specific Amino Acids Affect Cardiovascular Diseases and Atherogenesis via Protection against Macrophage Foam Cell Formation: Review Article

Cited by 56 publications

References 75 publications

Atherosclerosis Linked to Aberrant Amino Acid Metabolism and Immunosuppressive Amino Acid Catabolizing Enzymes

Atherosclerosis Linked to Aberrant Amino Acid Metabolism and Immunosuppressive Amino Acid Catabolizing Enzymes

Adverse Outcomes in Obese Cardiac Surgery Patients Correlates With Altered Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism in Adipose Tissue and Heart

Simultaneous determination of five essential amino acids in plasma of Hyperlipidemic subjects by UPLC-MS/MS

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