Specific and Non-specific Defense against Parasitic Attack

Frank, Steven A.

doi:10.1006/jtbi.1999.1054

Cited by 54 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…These findings suggest that phenotypic variation in nonspecific defense may add considerably to variation in parasite resistance even if genotype-specific defenses are present in the system (see Frank 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We call this an ''induced'' treatment; dirty water is known to induce the immune system of the snails (Rigby and Jokela 2000). Thus, the water treatment may affect the expression of parasite resistance, especially if resistance is determined by nonspecific defense (Frank 2000). None of the snails died in the dirty water, and even longer exposure to dirty water does not lead to death of the snails (Rigby and Jokela 2000), suggesting that any effect the water treatment might have on resistance is not caused by direct pathogenic effects.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Resistance is also determined by defenses that are independent of the parasite genotype (nonspecific defenses ;Frank 2000). These host traits are often quantitative traits governed by several genes (e.g., innate immune system) and evolve through selection on heritable additive genetic variance.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Family-Level Covariation Between Parasite Resistance and Mating System in a Hermaphroditic Freshwater Snail

et al. 2002

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Abstract. Genetic compatibility, nonspecific defenses, and environmental effects determine parasite resistance. Host mating system (selfing vs. outcrossing) should be important for parasite resistance because it determines the segregation of alleles at the resistance loci and because inbreeding depression may hamper immune defenses. Individuals of a mixed mating hermaphroditic freshwater snail, Lymnaea ovata, are commonly infected by a digenetic trematode parasite, Echinoparyphium recurvatum. We examined covariation between quantitative resistance to novel parasites and mating system by exposing snail families from four populations that differed by their inbreeding coefficients. We found that resistance was unrelated to inbreeding coefficient of the population, suggesting that the more inbred populations did not carry higher susceptibility load than the less inbred populations. Most of the variation in resistance was expressed among the families within the populations. In the population with the lowest inbreeding coefficient, resistance increased with outcrossing rate of the family, as predicted if selfing had led to inbreeding depression. In the other three populations with higher inbreeding coefficients, resistance was unrelated to outcrossing rate. The results suggest that in populations with higher inbreeding some of the genetic load has been purged, uncoupling the predicted relationship between outcrossing rate and resistance. Snail families also displayed crossing reaction norms for resistance when tested in two environments that presented low and high immune challenge, suggesting that genotype-by-environment interactions are important for parasite resistance. In many plant-pathogen systems, resistance is determined by a genotype-specific interaction between the plant and the pathogen genotypes (reviewed in Thompson 1994;Kover and Caicedo 2001). Recently, genotype-specific interactions have also been found between hosts and their parasites in several animal systems (Lively 1989;Ballabeni and Ward 1993;Ebert 1994;Henter 1995;Ebert et al. 1998;Webster and Woolhouse 1998;Little and Ebert 1999;Webster 2001). Specific interactions of few host and parasite genes are therefore likely to be important in determining which individuals will suffer infections and which will remain healthy.Resistance is also determined by defenses that are independent of the parasite genotype (nonspecific defenses; Frank 2000). These host traits are often quantitative traits governed by several genes (e.g., innate immune system) and evolve through selection on heritable additive genetic variance. Phenotypic value (i.e., effectiveness) of this type of general defense may vary due to both host genotype and environment. For instance, when defense traits are energetically costly, resistance may be related to available resources (e.g., Oppliger et al. 1998;Wiehn and Korpimäki 1998;Ilmonen et al. 2000;Moret and Schmid-Hempel 2000;Rigby and Jokela 2000).Independent of costs, inbreeding may increase susceptibility if inbreeding hampers integri...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Family-Level Covariation Between Parasite Resistance and Mating System in a Hermaphroditic Freshwater Snail

et al. 2002

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“…Remarkably few attempts have been made to integrate these two major sources of variation in immune response, i.e. costly trade-offs and specificity, into a common framework (Frank 2000;Jokela et al 2000).…”

Section: Variation Resulting From Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in immune defence as a question of evolutionary ecology

Schmid‐Hempel

2003

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

629

564

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The evolutionary-ecology approach to studying immune defences has generated a number of hypotheses that help to explain the observed variance in responses. Here, selected topics are reviewed in an attempt to identify the common problems, connections and generalities of the approach. In particular, the cost of immune defence, response specificity, sexual selection, neighbourhood effects and questions of optimal defence portfolios are discussed. While these questions still warrant further investigation, future challenges are the development of synthetic concepts for vertebrate and invertebrate systems and also of the theory that predicts immune responses based on a priori principles of evolutionary ecology.

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“…Although there have been many genetic analyses of host-parasite coevolution, almost all previous models depict a single-step interaction (but the type of interaction varies from model to model). A notable exception is the model by Frank (2000) that examines the evolution of a host-parasite system involving both 'specific' (qualitative) and 'nonspecific' (quantitative) forms of resistance. Frank found that some genetic and epidemiological conditions resulted in a host-parasite system that appeared to involve primarily strain-specific resistance whereas other conditions produced a system characterized by variable, but nonspecific, resistance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling infection as a two-step process combining gene-for-gene and matching-allele genetics

Agrawal

Lively

2003

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

105

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The genetic basis of infection determines the dynamics of host-parasite coevolution and associated phenomena such as local adaptation and the evolution of sex and recombination. Here, we present parasite resistance as a two-step process in which hosts must first detect parasites and then eradicate them; failure at either step results in infection. The model incorporates 'matching-allele' (MA) genetics for detection and 'gene-for-gene' (GFG) genetics for eradication. We found that the oscillatory dynamics were similar to pure GFG genetics when the cost of 'virulence' alleles was low, but resembled pure MA genetics when the cost was high. The magnitude of the cost that switched the dynamics from GFG dominated to MA dominated depended on the genetic architecture of defence (i.e. the number of GFG and MA loci).

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Specific and Non-specific Defense against Parasitic Attack

Cited by 54 publications

References 24 publications

Family-Level Covariation Between Parasite Resistance and Mating System in a Hermaphroditic Freshwater Snail

Family-Level Covariation Between Parasite Resistance and Mating System in a Hermaphroditic Freshwater Snail

Variation in immune defence as a question of evolutionary ecology

Modelling infection as a two-step process combining gene-for-gene and matching-allele genetics

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