Specific and Non-Specific Developmental Effects

Species Difference in Developmental Toxicity of an N‐Phenylimide Herbicide between Rats and Rabbits and Sensitive Period of the Toxicity to Rat Embryos

“…Increased neonatal death rates, diaphragmatic hernia, absence of harderian glands and so on were observed in both mice and rats. It was also reported that a phenylpyrazole herbicide, SLA 3992, which would inhibit the same enzyme, produced malformations in both rats and rabbits (Machemer et al, 1992). Based on these limited information, herbicides of chlorophyll biosynthesis inhibitors are likely to show developmental toxicity in experimental animals.…”

Close Link between Protoporphyrin IX Accumulation and Developmental Toxicity Induced by N‐Phenylimide Herbicides in Rats

“…Accumulation of PPIX would be caused by PPO inhibition, but not ferrochelatase inhibition, suppressed excretion of cellular PPIX, or excess biosynthesis of porphyrins. While protoporphyrinogen is the substrate for PPO and expected to accumulate in cells due to an inhibition of PPO, PPIX accumulation following treatment with diphenyl ether type herbicides, another type of PPO inhibiting herbicide, was observed in sensitive organisms, such as mice, rats (Krijt et al., ), cultured rat hepatocytes (Jacobs et al., ), and rat fetal liver at term (Machemer, ). Variegate porphyria is a genetic disease of PPO deficiency and patients with the defect accumulate high levels of PPIX (Kappas et al., ; Shaner, ).…”

Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology of Pesticides

“…Jewell and Miller, 1998 Francis, 1990 As cited in Schardein, 1993Henwood et al, 1990Nakao et al, 1981Costlow et al, 1983Gray et al, 1985 (continues) As cited in Schardein, 1993Bimbaum et al , 1991Bimbaum et al, 1991Ebert et al, 1990Breslin et al, 1991John-Greene et al, 1985Breslin et al, 1994Breslin et al, 1994 As cited in Schardein, 1993Mirkova and Ivanov, 1981Machemer et al, 1992 As cited in Schardein, 1993Wilson, 1971 As cited in Schardein, 1993 Rat --1800 ppm…”