“…Van der Waals attraction mainly depends on the nature of the colloidal particles (Bergström, 1997; Faure et al, 2011; Xu et al, 2015, 2020), while the electrostatic repulsion between colloidal particles is mainly related to the charge properties of the colloidal particles and the nature of the medium solution (He et al, 2007; Huangfu et al, 2013; Ishikawa et al, 2005; Wang et al, 2020; Xu et al, 2015; Zhu et al, 2014). Electrostatic repulsion is also affected by Hofmeister effects: different ions with same valence have significant differences in the ability to screen the surface electric field of colloidal particles, which lead to significant differences in colloid aggregation (Huangfu et al, 2013; Pokhrel et al, 2014; Tian et al, 2014; Vereda et al, 2015; Zhang et al, 2020). For example, the activation energy of negatively charged Mt colloid aggregation in the presence of Li + was respectively 1.2, 5.7, 28 and 126 times that in the presence of Na + , K + and Cs + (Tian et al, 2014).…”