Specific Pathogen-Free Status Alters Immunophenotype in Rhesus Macaques: Implications for the Study of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract

The repertoire of viruses to which research primates are exposed, even in the absence of clinical disease, may contribute to experimental confounding. In this study we examined whether standard specific pathogen-free (SPF) rhesus macaques exposed to a wider spectrum of enzootic viruses and expanded SPF macaques derived to exclude a greater number of viral agents would display alterations in immune activation or immune cell populations. Given the impact of immunophenotype on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progression and the importance of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model for the study of HIV pathogenesis, we elected to additionally examine the impact of SPF status on the capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to support SIV replication. The expanded SPF group displayed significant immune alterations including increased serum interleukin (IL)-15 and a greater in vitro elaboration of GM-CSF, IL1ra, VEGF, IL-10, IL12/23, and MIP-1b. Consistent with reduced viral antigenic exposure in expanded SPF macaques, decreased CD4 + and CD8 + transitional and effector memory (T EM ) cell populations were observed. Expanded SPF PBMC cultures also demonstrated an increased peak (192.61 ng/ml p27) and area under the curve in in vitro SIV production (1968.64 ng/ml p27) when compared to standard SPF macaques (99.32 ng/ml p27; p = 0.03 and 915.17 ng/ml p27; p = 0.03, respectively). In vitro SIV replication did not correlate with CD4 + T EM cell counts but was highly correlated with serum IL-15 in the subset of animals examined. Findings suggest that an altered immunophenotype associated with the maintenance of primates under differing levels of bioexclusion has the potential to impact the outcome of SIV studies and models for which the measurement of immunologic endpoints is critical.

Applications of the FIV Model to Study HIV Pathogenesis

“…SIV neurologic disease is therefore chiefly manifested as a rapid progression to AIDS with the hallmarks of CNS inflammation that amplify pathology when compared to HIV-infected humans [ 139 , 140 ]. Furthermore, NHP studies are also limited by increased zoonotic risk to researchers, high cost associated with animal care and housing, the low number of animals available for research, and the potential for co-infection with a wide array of other pathogens, including rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV), lymphocryptovirus (LCV), simian cytomegalovirus (CMV), simian foamy virus (SFV), simian virus 40 (SV40), and rhesus papillomavirus (RhPV) [ 145 , 146 ].…”

Wild immunology assessed by multidimensional mass cytometry

“…Over the years, many genetic mouse strains have been generated in tightly controlled environments to investigate immune functions or interrogate disease mechanisms and immune dysregulations. Recent research revealed that effector functions of the immune system are strongly dependent on environmental factors . Lab mice are usually born and kept “specific‐pathogen free” (SPF), meaning that they are shielded from most common pathogens.…”

Applications of the FIV Model to Study HIV Pathogenesis

“…Furthermore, NHP studies are also limited by increased zoonotic risk to researchers, high cost associated with animal care and housing, the low number of animals available for research, and the potential for co-infection with a wide array of other pathogens, including rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV), lymphocryptovirus (LCV), simian cytomegalovirus (CMV), simian foamy virus (SFV), simian virus 40 (SV40), and rhesus papillomavirus (RhPV) [141,142].…”