Specific type of secondary cell wall formed by plant fibers

Горшкова, Т. А.; Gurjanov, O. P.; Mikshina, Polina; Ibragimova, N. N.; Mokshina, Natalia; Salnikov, Vadim V.; Ageeva, Marina; Amenitskii, S. I.; Chernova, Tatyana; Chemikosova, S. B.

doi:10.1134/s1021443710030040

Cited by 93 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…The presence of the entrapped polysaccharides during lateral interactions of axially oriented microfibrils causes longitudinal tensile stress in the cellulose (Mellerowicz et al, 2008). In developing flax fibers, the fiber-specific complex RG-I with b-(1/4)-galactan side was proposed to fill this role (Gorshkova et al, 2010). By modifying in muro galactan metabolism in this study, we provide further evidence that matrix polysaccharides confer specific mechanical properties on cellulose-enriched plant fibers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Flax fibers are classified as gelatinous fibers (Gorshkova and Morvan, 2006;Gorshkova et al, 2010). These are characterized by a very high proportion of cellulose (up to 90%) and axial orientation of cellulose microfibrils throughout the G-layer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanical properties of bast fibers result from the composition of their secondary walls, which are classified as gelatinoustype walls. These walls are comprised almost entirely of a thick structure called the gelatinous-layer (G-layer; Gorshkova et al, 2010). G-layers are found within phloem fibers of diverse taxa, in xylem fibers of reaction wood (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In flax and other species, the G-layer is rich in cellulose microfibrils that are oriented nearly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fiber and that interact laterally, producing large regions of crystallinity. The high content of crystalline, axially oriented cellulose and a very low content of xylans and lignin distinguish flax phloem fibers from the fibers typically found in xylem and normal wood (Gorshkova et al, 2010). Throughout the remainder of this report, we will use the term fiber to refer to phloem fibers exclusively.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Development of Cellulosic Secondary Walls in Flax Fibers Requires β-Galactosidase

et al. 2011

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(N.Y.M., A.V.S., T.A.G.) Bast (phloem) fibers, tension wood fibers, and other cells with gelatinous-type secondary walls are rich in crystalline cellulose. In developing bast fibers of flax (Linum usitatissimum), a galactan-enriched matrix (Gn-layer) is gradually modified into a mature cellulosic gelatinous-layer (G-layer), which ultimately comprises most of the secondary cell wall. Previous studies have correlated this maturation process with expression of a putative b-galactosidase. Here, we demonstrate that b-galactosidase activity is in fact necessary for the dynamic remodeling of polysaccharides that occurs during normal secondary wall development in flax fibers. We found that developing stems of transgenic (LuBGAL-RNAi) flax with reduced b-galactosidase activity had lower concentrations of free Gal and had significant reductions in the thickness of mature cellulosic G-layers compared with controls. Conversely, Gn-layers, labeled intensively by the galactan-specific LM5 antibody, were greatly expanded in LuBGAL-RNAi transgenic plants. Gross morphology and stem anatomy, including the thickness of bast fiber walls, were otherwise unaffected by silencing of b-galactosidase transcripts. These results demonstrate a specific requirement for b-galactosidase in hydrolysis of galactans during formation of cellulosic G-layers. Transgenic lines with reduced b-galactosidase activity also had biochemical and spectroscopic properties consistent with a reduction in cellulose crystallinity. We further demonstrated that the tensile strength of normal flax stems is dependent on b-galactosidase-mediated development of the phloem fiber G-layer. Thus, the mechanical strength that typifies flax stems is dependent on a thick, cellulosic G-layer, which itself depends on b-galactosidase activity within the precursor Gn-layer. These observations demonstrate a novel role for matrix polysaccharides in cellulose deposition; the relevance of these observations to the development of cell walls in other species is also discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Development of Cellulosic Secondary Walls in Flax Fibers Requires β-Galactosidase

et al. 2011

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“…In particular, they occur in the phloem of some trees [49] and some herbaceous plants. A lot of studies on G-layers have been performed on flax [17,18,50]. This paper will often focus on mechanisms of stress generation in G-fibres, irrespective of the occurrence of late lignification.…”

Section: Different Forms Of Mechanically Active Woodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical review on the mechanisms of maturation stress generation in trees

Alméras

Clair

2016

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Trees control their posture by generating asymmetric mechanical stress around the periphery of the trunk or branches. This stress is produced in wood during the maturation of the cell wall. When the need for reaction is high, it is accompanied by strong changes in cell organization and composition called reaction wood, namely compression wood in gymnosperms and tension wood in angiosperms. The process by which stress is generated in the cell wall during its formation is not yet known, and various hypothetical mechanisms have been proposed in the literature. Here we aim at discriminating between these models. First, we summarize current knowledge about reaction wood structure, state and behaviour relevant to the understanding of maturation stress generation. Then, the mechanisms proposed in the literature are listed and discussed in order to identify which can be rejected based on their inconsistency with current knowledge at the frontier between plant science and mechanical engineering.

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Characterization and modeling of the moisture diffusion behavior of natural fibers

Célino¹,

Fréour²,

Jacquemin³

et al. 2013

J of Applied Polymer Sci

111

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HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

show abstract

Specific type of secondary cell wall formed by plant fibers

Cited by 93 publications

References 84 publications

Development of Cellulosic Secondary Walls in Flax Fibers Requires β-Galactosidase

Development of Cellulosic Secondary Walls in Flax Fibers Requires β-Galactosidase

Critical review on the mechanisms of maturation stress generation in trees

Characterization and modeling of the moisture diffusion behavior of natural fibers

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