Specificity of Infection Sites in Vertebrate Hosts

Molnár, Kálmán; Eszterbauer, Edit

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_16

Cited by 62 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Multiparasite host species as well as multihost parasite taxa are anomalous under a codivergence paradigm (Banks & Paterson, ). Most myxozoans are highly host specific with regard to their vertebrate hosts (Molnár & Eszterbauer, ). Only a few marine histozoic species, that is, Kudoa spp.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity

et al. 2018

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The relationships between parasites and their hosts are intimate, dynamic and complex; the evolution of one is inevitably linked to the other. Despite multiple origins of parasitism in the Cnidaria, only parasites belonging to the Myxozoa are characterized by a complex life cycle, alternating between fish and invertebrate hosts, as well as by high species diversity. This inspired us to examine the history of adaptive radiations in myxozoans and their hosts by determining the degree of congruence between their phylogenies and by timing the emergence of myxozoan lineages in relation to their hosts. Recent genomic analyses suggested a common origin of Polypodium hydriforme, a cnidarian parasite of acipenseriform fishes, and the Myxozoa, and proposed fish as original hosts for both sister lineages. We demonstrate that the Myxozoa emerged long before fish populated Earth and that phylogenetic congruence with their invertebrate hosts is evident down to the most basal branches of the tree, indicating bryozoans and annelids as original hosts and challenging previous evolutionary hypotheses. We provide evidence that, following invertebrate invasion, fish hosts were acquired multiple times, leading to parallel cospeciation patterns in all major phylogenetic lineages. We identify the acquisition of vertebrate hosts that facilitate alternative transmission and dispersion strategies as reason for the distinct success of the Myxozoa, and identify massive host specification-linked parasite diversification events. The results of this study transform our understanding of the origins and evolution of parasitism in the most basal metazoan parasites known.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity

et al. 2018

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“…Tissue tropism-related phylogenetic clustering has also commonly been reported for myxobolids, as well as myxosporeans in general (see [53] and references therein). Accordingly, the phylogenetic analyses performed during this study placed M. duriensis n. sp.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysesmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…In this study, M. pseudodispar is further reported from the endemic species P. duriense, therefore adding a new host record to this parasite in the Iberian Peninsula. Despite strict host specificity being frequently reported among myxobolids [6,20,49,52,53,55,57], several species of Myxobolus, including M. pseudodispar, M. bliccae and M. macrocapsularis, have been reported to have hostshifted between members of the cypriniform family Leuciscidae [24,52,57]. Considering this, it is possible that M. pseudodispar was co-introduced into the Iberian Peninsula with different leuciscid hosts on multiple occasions.…”

Section: Myxobolid Biodiversity In Endemic Iberian Cypriniformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and molecular characterization of myxobolids (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) infecting cypriniforms (Actinopterygii, Teleostei) endemic to the Iberian Peninsula

Rocha¹,

Azevedo²,

Alves

et al. 2019

Parasite

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The Iberian Peninsula provides a unique freshwater ecosystem for native and endemic cypriniforms to thrive. Despite cypriniforms being hosts to multiple myxobolids worldwide, little research has been performed in this geographic location. In this study, the examination of three Iberian endemic cypriniforms showed that myxosporean richness in the Iberian Peninsula is underestimated, with three new and one known myxobolid species being reported based on morphological and molecular data (SSU). Myxobolus arcasii n. sp. is described from the kidney and gonads of the “bermejuela” Achondrostoma arcasii, M. duriensis n. sp. from the gills of the Northern straight-mouth nase Pseudochondrostoma duriense, and Thelohanellus paludicus n. sp. from the intestine of the Southern Iberian spined-loach Cobitis paludica. Myxobolus pseudodispar Gorbunova, 1936 is further reported from several organs of P. duriense, and from the spleen of A. arcasii. The occurrence of M. pseudodispar in endemic Iberian species reveals that host-shift followed its co-introduction with central European leuciscids into this geographic location. Several other myxobolids originally described from barbels in central Europe have also been reported from the Iberian endemic cypriniform Luciobarbus bocagei. Nonetheless, except for M. musculi, the identification of these myxobolids in L. bocagei is here shown to be dubious and require molecular confirmation. Phylogenetic analyses reveal M. arcasii n. sp. and M. duriensis n. sp. clustering within different lineages of leuciscid-infecting species, showing that myxobolids entered Leuciscidae as hosts multiple times during their evolution. Constituting the first myxobolid reported from the subfamily Cobitinae, Thelohanellus paludicus n. sp. stands alone in the tree topology.

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“…As noted with carbohydrate moieties, the availability and presence of staining targets may vary with myxospore developmental stage and myxozoan species (Redondo et al, 2008). While most myxozoans demonstrate some degree of host specificity and tissue tropism, infections have been described from most, if not all, tissues of fish hosts, representing a diverse array of tissue microenvironments (Molnár & Eszterbauer, 2015). Differences in myxospore staining properties could reflect the different host and tissue microenvironments from which each species develops, as well as myxozoan physiology and metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into myxozoan composition and physiology revealed by histochemical properties of myxospores

Stilwell

Griffin

Rosser

et al. 2020

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Myxozoa (phylum Cnidaria) are a diverse group of metazoan parasites that predominately infect fish. Little is known regarding the composition and physiology of their myxospore life stage. The objective of this work was to investigate the composition of myxospores and extrasporogonic stages of nine myxozoan species infecting various teleost fish using histochemical staining techniques. Thirty histochemical stains were applied to formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues processed routinely for light microscopic evaluation. The polar capsules were the most consistent stain target across the taxa examined. Polar capsule staining with Alizarin red, von Kossa and methyl green‐pyronin suggests the presence of intracapsular calcium and phosphate, which may contribute to polar filament discharge or pathogenesis of host invasion. The shell valves and suture lines of most myxozoans were stained with Luna and phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin stains, consistent with the presence of chitin and microfibrils, respectively. Vacuoles were consistently highlighted by diastase‐susceptible periodic acid‐Schiff and Grocott's methenamine silver staining, indicating glycogen. Other histochemical stains exhibited inconsistent staining across the taxa, suggesting differences in myxospore composition potentially reflective of physiologic variations and tissue tropisms. This work provides some information on conserved features and taxa‐associated composition of myxospores and lends insight into myxozoan physiology and host–parasite interactions.

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Specificity of Infection Sites in Vertebrate Hosts

Cited by 62 publications

References 64 publications

The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity

The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity

Morphological and molecular characterization of myxobolids (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) infecting cypriniforms (Actinopterygii, Teleostei) endemic to the Iberian Peninsula

Insights into myxozoan composition and physiology revealed by histochemical properties of myxospores

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