Coral bleaching -the loss of photosynthetic algal symbionts from their cnidarian hosts -can lead to coral mortality and subsequent reef degradation. To understand the phenomenon of coral bleaching it is imperative to understand natural fluctuations in symbiotic dinoflagellate diversity and density. In this study, Symbiodinium type, based on length variation in domain V of the chloroplast large subunit of rDNA (cp23S rDNA), and cell densities were followed in 2 populations of the octocoral Briareum asbestinum over 1 yr. Symbiodinium type varied little over the course of the study despite anomalously cold sea surface temperatures during January 2003, when B. asbestinum populations experienced a significant loss of symbionts. This provides some of the first evidence that Caribbean octocorals are susceptible to cold-water bleaching events. Furthermore, the symbiont stability observed within B. asbestinum contributes to an increasing number of studies suggesting that many zooxanthellate coral species may not respond to fluctuating environments by changing symbionts.KEY WORDS: Bleaching · Coral · Symbiodinium · Symbiosis · Zooxanthellae · Diversity
Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 391: [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] 2009 in some species (Chen et al. 2005), while in many cases no seasonal pattern was discerned in studies over 3 and 5 yr periods (Thornhill et al. 2006a,b) or during extreme temperature fluctuations over the course of a year (Rodriguez-Lanetty et al. 2003).Decreases in the density of symbiotic dinoflagellates are generally proportional to increases in temperature (Coles & Jokiel 1978, Glynn & D'Croz 1990, Fitt & Warner 1995. In a 2 to 5 yr study of 5 scleractinian species, Fitt et al. (2000) found the lowest densities of symbiotic dinoflagellates at the end of the summer season when seawater temperatures were high (termed 'seasonal bleaching' by Fitt et al. 2000). Aside from seasonal bleaching, there are numerous studies documenting, forecasting and modeling widespread bleaching events caused by anomalously warm seasurface temperatures (SSTs) (reviewed in Hughes et al. 2003, McWilliams et al. 2005, Donner et al. 2007, Carpenter et al. 2008; however, there are few reports detailing the effects of anomalously cold SST's (Shinn 1966, Porter et al. 1982, Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2005.Abnormally warm and cold temperatures affect photosynthetic organisms by increasing photoinhibition, eventually leading to cellular damage (Lyons 1973, Krause 1992. Saxby et al. (2003) provided evidence that corals exposed to reduced temperatures (≤14°C) experience similar physiological symptoms as those exposed to elevated temperatures, which, depending on the duration of thermal exposure and light regime, can cause partial to total bleaching and mortality.Few studies have followed temporal variation in Symbiodinium-octocoral symbioses even though octocorals are among the most abundant cnidarians of Caribbean reef communities, with up to 40 species coex...