Specimen backings for proton-induced x-ray emission analysis

Russell, S.B.; Schulte, C.W.; Faiq, S.; Campbell, John L.

doi:10.1021/ac00226a054

Cited by 25 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It can be seen from this figure that some impurities are detected such as Cl, Ca, Cr and Fe with a few counts for the 30 lC irradiation. Russell et al [8] has shown that the Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn were detected as impurities from carbon foil with the irradiation by 60 lC. We are not sure about the source of Fe and Cr X-rays.…”

Section: Equipment and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 90%

PIXE analysis of biological bodies in Uranouchi bay

Kabir

Narusawa

2008

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B:

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Section: Equipment and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 90%

PIXE analysis of biological bodies in Uranouchi bay

Kabir

Narusawa

2008

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B:

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“…Reviews of the available backing materials are given by Campbell (13) and Russell (20). Thin plastic films, although they are electrical insulators, are desirable supports for samples because they consist of light elements and will not contribute much background to the spectrum.…”

Section: Biological Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental analysis of renal slices by proton-induced X-ray emission.

Lowe

Chen

Fernaǹdo

et al. 1993

Environ Health Perspect

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Methods for analyzing elements in biological samples are important for studying the effects of intoxication. Since its introduction in 1970 (1), proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) has been shown to be a powerful, multielemental analysis technique with high sensitivity (2). The PIXE technique involves bombarding a sample with protons which eject innershell electrons of the elements in the sample; the subsequent decay of the induced electronic states results in the emission of X-rays whose energies are characteristic of the elements present in the sample and whose intensities are proportional to the concentrations of these elements. A liquidnitrogen-cooled solid-state Si(Li) detector and a multichannel analyzer are used to determine the energies as well as the intensities of the emitted X-rays, and a computer program identifies the elements present and calculates their concentrations. Although the application of PIXE to biological samples is not new (3), and recent reviews have emphasized the usefulness of this technique (4-7), the optimization of PIXE for use in typical animal toxicity studies has not been described in the toxicology literature. Here we present the optimization of the instrumentation, sample preparation, and the application of PIXE to a disposition study of metals in renal tissue.The implementation of the PIXE technique has been limited mostly to physics and nuclear research laboratories because no commercial instrumentation is available. The proton beams for PIXE are generated by Van de Graaff accelerators that are not in high demand for applications in physics because much higher-energy ion beams are preferred in most nuclear physics research. The availability of high-energy accelerators has therefore made PIXE an attractive alternative to other conventional, multielemental analytical methods. The simultaneous quantification of a large number of elements in a sample makes PIXE an important analytical tool for use in diverse toxicological studies.Overview of PIXE Theory and Technique X-rays are produced as electrons from outer shells rapidly decay to replace innershell electrons ejected by high-energy protons. The energies of the X-ray emissions are characteristic of the elements, and the intensities of the emissions are proportional to the concentrations of the elements in the sample. The useful range of emitted X-ray energies for PIXE is 1-30 keV; the Si(Li) detector is capable of resolving X-ray emissions as closely spaced as 150 eV, and, as a consequence, 20-30 elements can be readily identified and determined simultaneously.An X-ray spectrum of a thin copper film,deposited on a carbon substrate is shown in Figure 1. The dominant features of the spectrum are the copper K. and K X-ray emission lines resulting from the ejection of the K (innermost) shell electrons of copper. The shape of the X-ray emission peaks in the spectrum is primarily Gaussian; the width of the peak is defined by the statistical distribution of the electrical pulses generated by X-ray photons in the Si(L...

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“…RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Blank Film. Many commercial polymer films have metallic impurities and cannot be used for a multielemental analysis (5). A spectrum of our blank film is reported in Figure 2.…”

Section: Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry with direct excitation at picogram levels

Ruch¹,

Rastegar²,

Heimburger³

et al. 1985

Anal. Chem.

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A Mo high-power X-ray tube with an optical point focus, followed by a thick Mo filter, Irradiates a small and thin sample consisting of 50 pi. of liquid deposited and evaporated on a 4 µ thick polypropylene film. The X-rays emitted by this sample are detected by a SI(Li) detector placed close to the sample. This arrangement allows one to reach, with a very convenient routine measurement, detection limits In the nanogram per milliliter range with total mass at picogram levels. Already hundreds of samples have been measured under these conditions. A more sophisticated sample preparation (thinner film, very good positioning of the sample, or more than 50 pL of solution) decreases the detection limits to picogram per milliliter levels, l.e., picogram of total mass.

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Specimen backings for proton-induced x-ray emission analysis

Cited by 25 publications

References 7 publications

PIXE analysis of biological bodies in Uranouchi bay

PIXE analysis of biological bodies in Uranouchi bay

Elemental analysis of renal slices by proton-induced X-ray emission.

Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry with direct excitation at picogram levels

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