Spectator demand for the sport of kings

Effects of Super Bowl advertising on online brand search: ten years of insights from 2011 to 2020

“…From this, we calculated a Hausman test on these regression estimates, and found that our results were insignificant ( p = 0.558), which suggests that either fixed or random effects can be utilized. Within the sports economics literature, it is the case that fixed-effects models typically are favored, because of their ability to allow each entity (typically a team) to have their own specific constant term (Buraimo et al. , 2021).…”

“…From this, we calculated a Hausman test on these regression estimates, and found that our results were insignificant (p 5 0.558), which suggests that either fixed or random effects can be utilized. Within the sports economics literature, it is the case that fixed-effects models typically are favored, because of their ability to allow each entity (typically a team) to have their own specific constant term (Buraimo et al, 2021). In the case of this study, because each brand may have its own level of popularity that may shift in different patterns than other brands, the use of fixed effects would be beneficial as it would account for the different levels of popularity and other factors specific to each brand.…”

Used like Pawns or Treated like Kings? How Narratives around Racehorse Welfare in the 2023 Grand National May Affect Public Acceptance: An Informed Commentary

“…Betting on horseracing and attendance at racetracks in various countries [15][16][17] Fox hunting in the United Kingdom [18] Equestrianism in the Olympic Modern Pentathlon [19] Horse racing in the United States [20] Greyhound racing in the Australian Capital Territory [21] Keeping of cetaceans in captivity [22] The use of wild animals in circuses in the United Kingdom [23] These changes, which reflect both increases in scientific knowledge surrounding animal welfare and evolution of ethical belief systems [24], were all associated with a growing sense of unease with the status quo and/or an incident or incidents that galvanised public sentiment [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. In this context, if not handled well, the events surrounding the 2023 Grand National could herald substantial changes to jump racing's regulatory environment.…”