Spectral analysis of changes in electroencephalographic activity after the chewing of gum

Masumoto, Yasuhiro; Morinushi, Takanobu; Kawasaki, Hirotoki; Takigawa, Morikuni

doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1998.tb02705.x

Cited by 28 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…However, chewing gum has been demonstrated to increase alertness, decrease reaction time, induce a more positive mood but to have no effect upon memory [27]. EEG changes associated with chewing gum are inconsistent, with effects ranging from no change to modest decreases in beta wave and increases in alpha power that may result from mastication and the flavor of the gum being chewed [28], [29]. In the current study the effect of chewing gum similarly appears to have been limited to a decrease in the global power of low beta waves that was stronger in occipital regions and a borderline significant increase in alpha power in the prefrontal regions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Psychological, Physiological and EEG Profile of Acute Betel Quid Intoxication in Naïve Subjects

Osborne¹,

Chou

Shen

2011

PLoS ONE

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Betel quid use and abuse is wide spread in Asia but the physiological basis of intoxication and addiction are unknown. In subjects naïve to the habit of betel quid intoxication, the psychological and physiological profile of intoxication has never been reported. We compared the effect of chewing gum or chewing betel quid, and subsequent betel quid intoxication, on psychological assessment, prospective time interval estimation, numerical and character digit span, computerized 2 choice tests and mental tasks such as reading and mathematics with concurrent monitoring of ECG, EEG and face temperature in healthy, non-sleep deprived, male subjects naïve to the habit of chewing betel quid. Betel quid intoxication, dose dependently induced tachycardia (max 30 bpm) and elevated face temperature (0.7°C) (P<0.001) above the effects observed in response to chewing gum (max 12 bpm and 0.3°C) in 12 subjects. Gross behavioral indices of working memory such as numerical or character digit span in 8 subjects, or simple visual-motor performance such as reaction speed or accuracy in a two choice scenario in 8 subjects were not affected by betel quid intoxication. Betel quid intoxication strongly influenced the psychological aspects of perception such as slowing of the prospective perception of passage of a 1 minute time interval in 8 subjects (P<0.05) and perceived increased arousal (P<0.01) and perceived decreased ability to think (P<0.05) in 31 subjects. The EEG spectral profile recorded from mental states associated with open and closed eyes, and mental tasks such as reading and eyes closed mental arithmetic were significantly modified (P<0.05) relative to chewing gum by betel quid intoxication in 10 subjects. The prevalence of betel quid consumption across a range of social and work settings warrants greater investigation of this widespread but largely under researched drug.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Psychological, Physiological and EEG Profile of Acute Betel Quid Intoxication in Naïve Subjects

Osborne¹,

Chou

Shen

2011

PLoS ONE

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“…One possible mechanism involved in the effect of gum chewing is the maintenance of the concentration level via activation of reticular formation arousal centres through masticatory sensory input. Indeed, gum chewing increased the mean frequency of the spontaneous alpha wave activity, showing increased arousal level (69). Moreover, in the attention task of an auditory oddball paradigm, gum chewing reduces the reaction time, as well as the duration of the event‐related potential for the target stimuli (70).…”

Section: Masticatory Modulation Of Learning and Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Occlusion and brain function: mastication as a prevention of cognitive dysfunction

Ono

Yamamoto

Kubo

et al. 2010

Journal of Oral Rehabilitation

163

188

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Research in animals and humans has shown that mastication maintains cognitive function in the hippocampus, a brain area important for learning and memory. Reduced mastication, an epidemiological risk factor for the development of dementia in humans, attenuates spatial memory and causes hippocampal neurons to deteriorate morphologically and functionally, especially in aged animals. Active mastication rescues the stress-attenuated hippocampal memory process in animals and attenuates the perception of stress in humans by suppressing endocrinological and autonomic stress responses. Active mastication further improves the performance of sustained cognitive tasks by increasing the activation of the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, the brain regions that are essential for cognitive processing. Abnormal mastication caused by experimental occlusal disharmony in animals produces chronic stress, which in turn suppresses spatial learning ability. The negative correlation between mastication and corticosteroids has raised the hypothesis that the suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by masticatory stimulation contributes, in part, to preserving cognitive functions associated with mastication. In the present review, we examine research pertaining to the mastication-induced amelioration of deficits in cognitive function, its possible relationship with the HPA axis, and the neuronal mechanisms that may be involved in this process in the hippocampus.

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“…Mastication increases blood flow to areas of the cortex (associated with memory, attention, awareness) and cerebellum (motor control, timing, attention, and fear) (28). It increases the activation of the hippocampus (shortand long-term memory) and prefrontal cortex (planning) (19) while increasing arousal through the reticular formation (26). Chewing reduces the stimulation of the amygdala (emotional reaction) (4) and activates serotonin action in the brain (43).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of a Customized Over-the-Counter Mouth Guard on Neuromuscular Force and Power Production in Trained Men and Women

Dunn‐Lewis

Luk

Comstock

et al. 2012

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Although mouth guards were originally designed for injury prevention, even elite athletes are now using performance mouth guards to improve athletic success. Both expensive custom models and over-the-counter models are available, but the efficacy is not well known. Some athletes remain wary of the perceived potential for detriments using a mouth guard to their performance. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine various physical performance tests when using a mouth guard including a customized over-the-counter mouth guard. Twenty-six trained men (25 ± 4 years; 1.78 ± 0.07 m; 83.3 ± 11.4 kg) and 24 trained women (23 ± 3 years; 1.65 ± 0.08 m; 62.6 ± 7.8 kg) volunteered for the investigation. The subjects completed a familiarization period and then balanced and randomized treatment conditions that included: (a) a customized Power Balance performance mouth guard (PB MG); (b) a regular over the counter boil-and-bite mouth guard (Reg MG); and (c) a no mouth guard (No MG) treatment condition. At each visit, the subjects completed a testing protocol that was sequenced in the following order: sit-and-reach flexibility, medial-lateral balance, visual reaction time, vertical jump, 10-m sprint, bench throw, and plyo press power quotient (3PQ). Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded around the 3PQ. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Expected significant sex differences existed for all power, strength, and speed variables. Bench throw power (watts) and force (newtons) were significantly higher under PB MG than either Reg MG or No MG or in both men and women. The 3PQ power and force production were higher than that for the other 2 treatments for the PB MG for men only. There were no significant differences for treatment conditions in the heart rate or RPE after the 3PQ test. Men were better able to maintain significantly higher 3PQ power production under PB MG treatment condition compared with the other 2 treatment conditions. Rate of power development was significantly higher in men for the vertical jump when using the PB MG compared with that for other treatment conditions in men only. No differences were observed in flexibility, balance, visual reaction time, or sprint time. The PB MG performance mouth guard improves performance of upper-body loaded power exercises in both men and women and lower body power exercise in men without compromising performance on any other performance parameters.

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Spectral analysis of changes in electroencephalographic activity after the chewing of gum

Cited by 28 publications

References 6 publications

Characterization of the Psychological, Physiological and EEG Profile of Acute Betel Quid Intoxication in Naïve Subjects

Characterization of the Psychological, Physiological and EEG Profile of Acute Betel Quid Intoxication in Naïve Subjects

Occlusion and brain function: mastication as a prevention of cognitive dysfunction

The Effects of a Customized Over-the-Counter Mouth Guard on Neuromuscular Force and Power Production in Trained Men and Women

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