Spectral and energy transfer in Bi³⁺–Reⁿ⁺(n= 2, 3, 4) co-doped phosphors: extended optical applications

Abstract

Bismuth with [Xe]4f145d106s26p3 electronic configuration is considered as 'a wonder metal' due to its diverse oxidation states and multi-type electronic structures. This review article summarizes the spectral properties of phosphors doped with Bi3+ or co-doped with Bi3+-Ren+ (n = 2, 3, 4), and highlights the critical role of Bi3+ in spectral modification. The energy transfer processes are discussed in detail, including (1) Bi3+ and metal-to-metal charge, (2) Bi3+ and tetravalent cation, (3) Bi3+ and trivalent cation, (4) Bi3+ and divalent cation, and (5) Bi3+ and two kinds of rare earth ions. The most important results obtained in each case are summarized, and the emerging challenges and future development of Bi3+-doped phosphors are discussed. We introduce a method for spectral modification based on the energy transfer between Bi3+ and other cations, with the perspective of development and application in the fields of phosphors, telecommunication, optical temperature sensing, biomedicine, and lasers.

Shedding light on the nature of the catalytically active species in photocatalytic reactions using Bi2O3 semiconductor

“…Bi 3+ is the most common and stable ionic form of bismuth and it is often used as an activator or sensitizer. Moreover, it always shows two absorption bands in the UV region, viz., the transitions 1 S 0 -3 P 1 and 1 S 0 -1 P 1 36,37 . To investigate the presence of a soluble species of Bi 3+ , we decided to use BiBr 3 as a model in the ATRA reaction.…”

Concentration and pump power-mediated color tunability, optical heating and temperature sensing via TCLs of red emission in an Er3+/Yb3+/Li+ co-doped ZnGa2O4 phosphor

“…[1][2][3][4] The rare earth ions exhibit abundant energy levels and result in interesting luminescence of narrow band widths due to the wide range of lifetimes, i.e., from few milliseconds (ms) to microseconds (ms). [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The rare earth-doped upconversion phosphor materials are very encouraging materials and have a large number of technological applications in various elds, such as lightemitting diodes (LEDs), induced optical heating, temperature sensing, chemo-dynamic and photo-dynamic therapy, cancer treatment, bio-thermal treatment, bio-imaging, and theranostics. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Basically, upconversion is a non-linear optical process, and it is characterized by anti-Stokes emissions, in which two or more low-energy photons are added together and are converted into a high-energy photon.…”

New near‐infrared emissions and energy transfer in Er3+‐doped MgAl layered double hydroxides

“…These infrared emissions had been hardly observed in previous downconverted emission spectra of Er 3+ ‐doped compounds. Compared with other luminescence data [ 47,48 ] , the present infrared emissions were very advantageous for use in in vivo biomedical applications, as the emissions were in the near‐infrared (near‐IR) region (700–900 nm) [ 49,50 ] , and therefore produce less damage to and are a transparency window for biological tissues. In addition, downconverting emission devices are often more easy to operate compared with those of upconverting emission devices.…”