Spectral and polarization sensitivity of juvenile Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>): phylogenetic considerations

Hawryshyn, Craig W.; Ramsden, Samuel; Betke, Klaus; Sabbah, Shai

doi:10.1242/jeb.038760

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…At each wavelength, the ERG or CAP response to eleven stimulus intensities (irradiance levels) was determined. A third order polynomial was fit to the response versus irradiance (RI) curve and the threshold irradiance that corresponded to a response criterion of 25 µV was interpolated [31]. Sensitivity was estimated as the reciprocal of this threshold irradiance.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feedback from Horizontal Cells to Cones Mediates Color Induction and May Facilitate Color Constancy in Rainbow Trout

et al. 2013

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Color vision is most beneficial when the visual system is color constant and can correct the excitations of photoreceptors for differences in environmental irradiance. A phenomenon related to color constancy is color induction, where the color of an object shifts away from the color of its surroundings. These two phenomena depend on chromatic spatial integration, which was suggested to originate at the feedback synapse from horizontal cells (HC) to cones. However, the exact retinal site was never determined. Using the electroretinogram and compound action potential recordings, we estimated the spectral sensitivity of the photoresponse of cones, the output of cones, and the optic nerve in rainbow trout. Recordings were performed before and following pharmacological inhibition of HC-cone feedback, and were repeated under two colored backgrounds to estimate the efficiency of color induction. No color induction could be detected in the photoresponse of cones. However, the efficiency of color induction in the cone output and optic nerve was substantial, with the efficiency in the optic nerve being significantly higher than in the cone output. We found that the efficiency of color induction in the cone output and optic nerve decreased significantly with the inhibition of HC-cone feedback. Therefore, our findings suggest not only that color induction originates as a result of HC-cone feedback, but also that this effect of HC-cone feedback is further amplified at downstream retinal elements, possibly through feedback mechanisms at the inner plexiform layer. This study provides evidence for an important role of HC-cone feedback in mediating color induction, and therefore, likely also in mediating color constancy.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feedback from Horizontal Cells to Cones Mediates Color Induction and May Facilitate Color Constancy in Rainbow Trout

et al. 2013

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This technique was previously used in numerous studies and repeatedly has been shown to allow for the identification of the cone classes in the retinas of animals [60-62]. In this regard, interactions between different cone classes produce sensitivity peaks that are narrower than the absorption templates of visual pigments, resulting in a somewhat reduced goodness of fit [60,61]. Visual pigment absorbance templates [22] were constructed for the opsin genes previously reported in cichlids: Note that the λ max of A 1 -reconstituted visual pigment is provided in parentheses SWS1 (368 nm), SWS2b (423 nm), SWS2a (456 nm), Rh2b (484 nm), Rh2aα (519 nm), Rh2aβ (528 nm) and LWS (560 nm) [10,19].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional diversity in the color vision of cichlid fishes

et al. 2010

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BackgroundColor vision plays a critical role in visual behavior. An animal's capacity for color vision rests on the presence of differentially sensitive cone photoreceptors. Spectral sensitivity is a measure of the visual responsiveness of these cones at different light wavelengths. Four classes of cone pigments have been identified in vertebrates, but in teleost fishes, opsin genes have undergone gene duplication events and thus can produce a larger number of spectrally distinct cone pigments. In this study, we examine the question of large-scale variation in color vision with respect to individual, sex and species that may result from differential expression of cone pigments. Cichlid fishes are an excellent model system for examining variation in spectral sensitivity because they have seven distinct cone opsin genes that are differentially expressed.ResultsTo examine the variation in the number of cones that participate in cichlid spectral sensitivity, we used whole organism electrophysiology, opsin gene expression and empirical modeling. Examination of over 100 spectral sensitivity curves from 34 individuals of three species revealed that (1) spectral sensitivity of individual cichlids was based on different subsets of four or five cone pigments, (2) spectral sensitivity was shaped by multiple cone interactions and (3) spectral sensitivity differed between species and correlated with foraging mode and the spectral reflectance of conspecifics. Our data also suggest that there may be significant differences in opsin gene expression between the sexes.ConclusionsOur study describes complex opponent and nonopponent cone interactions that represent the requisite neural processing for color vision. We present the first comprehensive evidence for pentachromatic color vision in vertebrates, which offers the potential for extraordinary spectral discrimination capabilities. We show that opsin gene expression in cichlids, and possibly also spectral sensitivity, may be sex-dependent. We argue that females and males sample their visual environment differently, providing a neural basis for sexually dimorphic visual behaviour. The diversification of spectral sensitivity likely contributes to sensory adaptations that enhance the contrast of transparent prey and the detection of optical signals from conspecifics, suggesting a role for both natural and sexual selection in tuning color vision.

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“…Chromatic adaptation is a technique used to isolate a specific photoreceptor mechanism dominant at a particular spectral region (Hawryshyn, 1991;Hawryshyn et al, 2010;Sabbah et al, 2010). Since SWS1 and RH2b are suggested to be responsible for erythrophore aggregations at UV/shortwavelength range and dispersions in middle/long wavelengths, two chromatic adapting background light conditions [a broad-spectrum yellow background by a long-wavelength pass interference filter with a cut-off wavelength of 500 nm (500LP) and a broad-spectrum UV background with a band-pass filter that peaked at 377 nm interference and neutral density (1.0 ND) filters; Corion, Franklin, MA, USA; supplementary material Fig.…”

Section: Photoresponse Measurement Under Chromatic Adapting Backgrounmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional characterisation of the chromatically antagonistic photosensitive mechanism of erythrophores in the tilapiaOreochromis niloticus

Chen

Xiao

Troje

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Non-visual photoreceptors with diverse photopigments allow organisms to adapt to changing light conditions. Whereas visual photoreceptors are involved in image formation, non-visual photoreceptors mainly undertake various non-image-forming tasks. They form specialised photosensory systems that measure the quality and quantity of light and enable appropriate behavioural and physiological responses. Chromatophores are dermal non-visual photoreceptors directly exposed to light and they not only receive ambient photic input but also respond to it. These specialised photosensitive pigment cells enable animals to adjust body coloration to fit environments, and play an important role in mate choice, camouflage and ultraviolet (UV) protection. However, the signalling pathway underlying chromatophore photoresponses and the physiological importance of chromatophore colour change remain under-investigated. Here, we characterised the intrinsic photosensitive system of red chromatophores (erythrophores) in tilapia. Like some nonvisual photoreceptors, tilapia erythrophores showed wavelengthdependent photoresponses in two spectral regions: aggregations of inner pigment granules under UV and short-wavelengths and dispersions under middle-and long-wavelengths. The action spectra curve suggested that two primary photopigments exert opposite effects on these lightdriven processes: SWS1 (short-wavelength sensitive 1) for aggregations and RH2b (rhodopsin-like) for dispersions. Both western blot and immunohistochemistry showed SWS1 expression in integumentary tissues and erythrophores. The membrane potential of erythrophores depolarised under UV illumination, suggesting that changes in membrane potential are required for photoresponses. These results suggest that SWS1 and RH2b play key roles in mediating intrinsic erythrophore photoresponses in different spectral ranges and this chromatically dependent antagonistic photosensitive mechanism may provide an advantage to detect subtle environmental photic change.

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Spectral and polarization sensitivity of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): phylogenetic considerations

Cited by 14 publications

References 47 publications

Feedback from Horizontal Cells to Cones Mediates Color Induction and May Facilitate Color Constancy in Rainbow Trout

Feedback from Horizontal Cells to Cones Mediates Color Induction and May Facilitate Color Constancy in Rainbow Trout

Functional diversity in the color vision of cichlid fishes

Functional characterisation of the chromatically antagonistic photosensitive mechanism of erythrophores in the tilapiaOreochromis niloticus

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