“…Recently, much attention has been focused on the Yb 3+ and other rare earth (RE) ions co-doped materials (RE = Tb 3+ [7][8][9], Pr 3+ [8,10,11], Tm 3+ [8,10,12,13], Ce 3+ [14,15], Ho 3+ [16], Er 3+ [17,18]) to achieve efficient DC for solar cells. Besides that, the energy transfer from matrix to Yb 3+ have also been reported [19,20]. The advantage of Yb 3+ is attributed on its simple energy levels and 1000 nm emission that is consistent with the strongest spectral response of c-Si solar cells, and the high quantum efficiency (QE) of cooperative down-conversion emission from RE 3 + to Yb 3+ has been determined near 200% [7,8].…”