“…In fact, in practical situations, there may be a nonzero probability that any measurement consists of noise alone, that is, the measurements are not consecutive, but contain missed observations. The missed measurements are caused by a variety of factors, such as certain failures in the measurement, intermittent sensor failures, accidental loss of some collected data, jamming of some of the data, fading phenomena in propagation channels, and the effect of removing outliers [7,10,18,27].…”