Spectral evaluation of a sealed helium discharge lamp for studies in photoelectron spectroscopy

Kinsinger, James A.; Stebbings, William L.; Valenzi, Richard A.; Taylor, James W.

doi:10.1021/ac60312a015

Cited by 30 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The light source (He 1 line) is a sealed helium discharge lamp, based on the design of Kinsinger et al (9). The aluminum filter window was constructed from metal film purchased from Luxel Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inter-ring dihedral angles in polychlorinated biphenyls from photoelectron spectroscopy

Dynes¹,

Baudais²,

Boyd³

1985

Can. J. Chem.

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A proposal that the physiological activity of a chlorinated biphenyl is related to its degree of molecular planarity is explored through experimental measurements of inter-ring dihedral angles in the gas phase. A known correlation between the difference between fourth and first ionization energies of substituted biphenyls (via photoelectron spectroscopy), and the thermally averaged inter-ring dihedral angle as established by electron diffraction techniques, is confirmed and exploited for the present purpose. The expectation, based on both qualitative and quantitative theoretical considerations, that increased ortho substitution causes an increase in inter-ring angle, is confirmed. However, the observation that, for 2,2'-substituted halobiphenyls the only observed conformation is the near-syn form, is not easy to explain, and is discussed in terms of a non-bonding attractive force between halogen atoms. 1292 (1985). Faisant appel aux mesures expCrimentales effectuCes en phase gazeuse des angles ditdres entre les cycles, on a Ctudik I'hypothkse suggCrant que I'activitC physiologique des biphCnyles chlores est relike a son degrC de plankaritt molbculaire, Dans cette Ctude, on a confirm6 et exploit6 la corrklation connue qui existe entre les quatrikme et premikre Cnergies d'ionisation des biphtnyles susbtituks telles que mesurkes (via la spectroscopie photoClectronique) et I'angle dikdre inter-cycle ponder6 thermiquement tel qu'Ctabli par les techniques de diffraction Clectronique. En se basant sur des considkrations thCoriques tant qualitatives que quantitatives, on peut prCvoir qu'une augmentation de la substitution en position ortho provoquera une augmentation de l'angle inter-cycle; nos rksultats confirment cette hypothkse. Cependant, on ne peut pas expliquer facilement le fait que, dans le cas des biphknyles halogCnks substituees en positions 2,2', la forme quasi-syn est la seule conformation observke. On en discute en fonction d'une force attractive non liee entre les atomes d'halogknes.[Traduit par le journal] Introduction Maier and Turner ( I ) showed how the dihedral angle between the two rings of a series of gaseous biphenyls is related to the difference in ionization energies for electrons in the n3 and n6 molecular orbitals. This difference between fourth and first ionization energies was shown (I) empirically to vary linearly with cos 0, where 0 is the inter-ring dihedral angle determined by electron diffraction. The qualitative trends observed were satisfactorily accounted for (1) by simple analogies drawn with the molecular orbitals (MO's) of substituted benzenes, as determined (2) by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). The linear correlation between AE(n3 -n6) and cos 0 was satisfactorily accounted for (1) by an ingenious analysis of the n-MO's described by a Huckel approach using as basis set the semi-localized n-MO's of the phenyl moieties, in place of the more usual atomic orbitals. Together with a frozen-orbital (Koopmans' theorem) assumption to permit identification of an orbital energy with the n...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The discharge was maintained by a Raytheon Model PGM 10 X 1 microwave generator. Titanium getter wires (Vacuum Instrument Co., New York) were used in a manner similar to that described previously (9).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-ring dihedral angles in polychlorinated biphenyls from photoelectron spectroscopy

Dynes¹,

Baudais²,

Boyd³

1985

Can. J. Chem.

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“…One more channel of ionization in a gas discharge plasma is associative ionization. In the helium case it proceeds according to the scheme e + He(1 1 S) → e + He(3 3 D), He(3 3 D) + He → He + 2 + e, (11.5.4) and the process of associative ionization, the last process in this scheme, is characterized by the cross section σ as ≈ 2 · 10 −15 cm 2 [433][434][435]. This channel of ionization is hampered in a gas discharge plasma because of the character of atom excitation in this.…”

Section: Ionization In Argon Gas Discharge Plasma Involving Excited Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A high energy of electrons in a plasma torch outside the tube allows one to use this plasma as a source of radiation in VUV (vacuum ultraviolet) range. In particular, the intensity of radiation near resonance line HeI (λ = 58.43 nm) is 10 11 -10 12 s −1 [434][435][436][437][438][439][440]. Because of a high electron temperature, capillary discharge may be a source of X-rays [441][442][443] and even a basis of a laser.…”

Section: Capillary Dischargementioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of Gas Discharge Plasma

Smirnov

2015

Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics

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The Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics covers in a comprehensive manner theory and experiment in the entire field of atoms and molecules and their interaction with electromagnetic radiation. Books in the series provide a rich source of new ideas and techniques with wide applications in fields such as chemistry, materials science, astrophysics, surface science, plasma technology, advanced optics, aeronomy, and engineering. Laser physics is a particular connecting theme that has provided much of the continuing impetus for new developments in the field, such as quantum computation and Bose-Einstein condensation. The purpose of the series is to cover the gap between standard undergraduate textbooks and the research literature with emphasis on the fundamental ideas, methods, techniques, and results in the field.More information about this series at

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“…First it is desirable to use a sealed source to keep excess helium from the target chamber. One with an aluminum window has been fully described (186) and a number of others have been mentioned briefly. In all cases, the window reduces the photon flux.…”

Section: Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Electron spectroscopy. Ultraviolet photoexcitation

Betteridge¹,

Williams²

1974

Anal. Chem.

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The period covered in this review is from late 1971 to late 1973. During that time, the Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena has been introduced and become established. A non-mathematical guide to the technique and simplified approach to photoelectron spectroscopy (19), as well as a massive and invaluable conference proceedings (262) have been published. Many of the papers in the conference proceedings have been published separately, in which case we give the journal reference with a crospreference to the proceedings. A recent discussion of the Faraday Society was devoted to photoelectron spectroscopy. There have been comparatively few general reviews (33,73, 103,175, 197), but that of Hamnett, Orchard, and Cox is outstanding (161). It is detailed, critical, and deals with difficulties which are often glossed over or ignored, but unfortunately its coverage of the literature is only through 1970. A review of inorganic aspects has been prepared by DeKock and Lloyd ( 1 1 I ) .In general, it has been a period of consolidation during which many earlier ideas (especially those of D. W. Turner) have been re-examined and exploited, and many more compounds have been run. Taking a bird's eye view of the publications since the last review (32) we note the following trends: Several new instruments have been described and others are in the advanced design stage. Most permit heating of the sample and so many more compounds are accessible to the technique.The various branches of electron spectroscopy which were developed separately are now being used in combination. The Vacuum Generators' ESCA 3 has been specifically designed to allow the same sample to be examined readily in situ by UPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger spectroscopy, and LEED.UPS has been applied to solids and surfaces. It has become increasingly common for UPS studies of a molecule to be complemented by several types of MO calculation.Simplified methods of interpretation of spectra based on the identification of characteristic localized orbitals have been critically examined and found valuable.The angular distribution of photoelectrons has attracted a lot of attention.On the negative, side, we feel that there has been an undue concentration of a few groups of compounds-uit., substituted benzenes, alkyl alcohols and halides, and simple silicon compounds. In several of these studies, there is a great deal of overlap and lack of reference to published work.A number of papers have been published in which the spectral data are limited to either a portion of the spectrum, showing just one or two bands, or a table of ionization potentials. Such limited information is rarely able to support the author's arguments. TECHNIQUEInstrumentation. There are a number of commercially available UV photoelectron spectrometers. Perkin-Elmer has developed the Turner design from the PS 15 prototype to the PS 18, which enables samples to be heated. The ESCA instruments of AEI, McPherson and Vacuum Generators, can be adapted to UPS, the last of these being ...

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Spectral evaluation of a sealed helium discharge lamp for studies in photoelectron spectroscopy

Cited by 30 publications

References 35 publications

Inter-ring dihedral angles in polychlorinated biphenyls from photoelectron spectroscopy

Inter-ring dihedral angles in polychlorinated biphenyls from photoelectron spectroscopy

Theory of Gas Discharge Plasma

Electron spectroscopy. Ultraviolet photoexcitation

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