Spectral loudness summation of nonsimultaneous tone pulses

Heeren, Wiebke; Rennies, Jan; Verhey, Jesko L.

doi:10.1121/1.3652866

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…It is unlikely that the loudness equalization of the bands or the spectral notch between adjacent bands caused the difference in the results between the present study and that of Rennies and Verhey [31]. Heeren et al [93] found larger spectral loudness summation for a sequence of short complex tones than for long complex tones with the same spectrum, similar to the duration effect of spectral loudness for noise bursts [8], [9], [91]. Thus, the effect of duration on spectral loudness summation does not require a continuous spectrum between the lowest and highest frequency components of the stimulus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Spectro-Temporal Weighting of Loudness

et al. 2012

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Real-world sounds like speech or traffic noise typically exhibit spectro-temporal variability because the energy in different spectral regions evolves differently as a sound unfolds in time. However, it is currently not well understood how the energy in different spectral and temporal portions contributes to loudness. This study investigated how listeners weight different temporal and spectral components of a sound when judging its overall loudness. Spectral weights were measured for the combination of three loudness-matched narrowband noises with different center frequencies. To measure temporal weights, 1,020-ms stimuli were presented, which randomly changed in level every 100 ms. Temporal weights were measured for each narrowband noise separately, and for a broadband noise containing the combination of the three noise bands. Finally, spectro-temporal weights were measured with stimuli where the level of the three narrowband noises randomly and independently changed every 100 ms. The data consistently showed that (i) the first 300 ms of the sounds had a greater influence on overall loudness perception than later temporal portions (primacy effect), and (ii) the lowest noise band contributed significantly more to overall loudness than the higher bands. The temporal weights did not differ between the three frequency bands. Notably, the spectral weights and temporal weights estimated from the conditions with only spectral or only temporal variability were very similar to the corresponding weights estimated in the spectro-temporal condition. The results indicate that the temporal and the spectral weighting of the loudness of a time-varying sound are independent processes. The spectral weights remain constant across time, and the temporal weights do not change across frequency. The results are discussed in the context of current loudness models.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Spectro-Temporal Weighting of Loudness

et al. 2012

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“…Chalupper and Fastl (2002) used the same release and attack time constant in the integration stage. However, this model also has a slight asymmetry due to a simulated forward masking effect included in the model (Heeren et al, 2011). Simulations by Pedersen (2006) and our own unpublished simulations indicate that these dynamic models hardly predict the primacy effect observed in the studies mentioned above.…”

Section: Primacy Effect In the Light Of Current Loudness Modelsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Temporal weights in the perception of sound intensity: Effects of sound duration and number of temporal segments

Oberfeld

Hots

Verhey

2018

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Loudness is a fundamental aspect of auditory perception that is closely related to the physical level of the sound. However, it has been demonstrated that, in contrast to a sound level meter, human listeners do not weight all temporal segments of a sound equally. Instead, the beginning of a sound is more important for loudness estimation than later temporal portions. The present study investigates the mechanism underlying this primacy effect by varying the number of equal-duration temporal segments (5 and 20) and the total duration of the sound (1.0 to 10.0 s) in a factorial design. Pronounced primacy effects were observed for all 20-segment sounds. The temporal weights for the five-segment sounds are similar to those for the 20-segment sounds when the weights of the segments covering the same temporal range as a segment of the five-segment sounds are averaged. The primacy effect can be described by an exponential decay function with a time constant of about 200 ms. Thus, the temporal weight assigned to a specific temporal portion of a sound is determined by the time delay between sound onset and segment onset rather than by the number of segments or the total duration of the sound.

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“…The same adaptive two-alternative forced-choice procedure as described in [11] wasu sed to measure leveld ifferences at equal loudness for as ubset of the stimuli described above.Subjects heard twosounds (a reference and at est signal)s eparated by 500 ms of silence. Subjects looked at av isual display comprising twob uttons corresponding to the twosounds, and the corresponding button wasv isually highlighted during the presentation of test and reference stimulus, respectively.T he duration of the interval wass et to 2.46 s, i.e., the duration of the longest stimulus.…”

Section: Loudness Matchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, loudness also depends on signal duration (e.g., [7,8,9]), which is known as temporal integration of loudness. Recent studies have reported an interaction of these twoeffects in that spectral loudness summation is generally larger for short than for long stimuli [6,10,11]. In the studies mentioned above,t he basic effects of signal parameters on loudness have mostly been investigated using rather artificial stimuli (e.g., bursts of tones or noise).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Loudness of Speech and Speech-Like Signals

Rennies¹,

Holube²,

Verhey³

2013

Acta Acustica united with Acustica

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The influence of different properties of speech-likesignals on loudness wasinvestigated by measuring levels at equal loudness in normal-hearing listeners for 22 speech-likes timuli using categorical loudness scaling and an adaptive matching procedure. Eight of the stimuli, referred to as unprocessed stimuli, had the same speech-like long-term spectrum, butdiffered in other speech-related properties, ranging from astationary noise overspeechmodulated signals to real intelligible and unintelligible speech. The other stimuli were designed to investigate the influence of severe modifications of speech-related properties due to spectral filtering, reverberation, compression, and expansion on loudness. In general, results were similar for both measurement methods and revealed only small effects of temporal modulations on loudness perception, and no influence of intelligibility or reverberation. Even severe modifications of the stimuli by highpass-filtering and expansion did not affect levels at equal loudness. Only lowpass-filtering significantly decreased loudness and compression significantly increased loudness. The experimental results indicate that the long-term spectrum of speech has amajor influence on loudness while other properties of speech only have aminor contribution. Some of the results could not be predicted by loudness models based on short-term loudness. Instead, longer time constants were required to not overestimate the loudness of time-varying speech-likesounds.

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Spectral loudness summation of nonsimultaneous tone pulses

Cited by 5 publications

References 41 publications

Spectro-Temporal Weighting of Loudness

Spectro-Temporal Weighting of Loudness

Temporal weights in the perception of sound intensity: Effects of sound duration and number of temporal segments

Loudness of Speech and Speech-Like Signals

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