Spectral Sensitivity in Color-Defective Subjects and Heterozygous Carriers*

Crone, Robert A.

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(59)91239-5

Cited by 58 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Similarly, protan carriers set a lower matching luminance and deutan carriers higher than that of the normal females on the Rayleigh match. These findings confirm previous reports [6,12,13], referred to as Schmidt's [6,10,12] or De Vries' sign for protan versus deutan carriers, respectively [14,16]. There was a significant difference between protan and deutan carriers on both tests, but the large overlap between the normal females and the carriers makes it difficult to single out a carrier from her normal female peers based on the Rayleigh MMP or the Medmont C-100 null-point.…”

Section: B Reduced Sensitivity In the Medium-and Long-wavelength Regsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Performance of normal females and carriers of color-vision deficiencies on standard color-vision tests

Dees

Baraas

2014

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A

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Carriers of red-green color-vision deficiencies are generally thought to behave like normal trichromats, although it is known that they may make errors on Ishihara plates. The aim here was to compare the performance of carriers with that of normal females on seven standard color-vision tests, including Ishihara plates. One hundred and twenty-six normal females, 14 protan carriers, and 29 deutan carriers aged 9-66 years were included in the study. Generally, deutan carriers performed worse than protan carriers and normal females on six out of the seven tests. The difference in performance between carriers and normal females was independent of age, but the proportion of carriers that made errors on pseudo-isochromatic tests increased with age. It was the youngest carriers, however, who made the most errors. There was considerable variation in performance among individuals in each group of females. The results are discussed in relation to variability in the number of different L-cone pigments.

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Section: B Reduced Sensitivity In the Medium-and Long-wavelength Regsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Protan carriers are less sensitive to red light, a characteristic known as Schmidt's sign [6,[10][11][12]. Deutan carriers, on the other hand, are more sensitive to red light [12][13][14][15]. The latter is termed De Vries' sign and is said to be more difficult to demonstrate than Schmidt's sign [14,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of normal females and carriers of color-vision deficiencies on standard color-vision tests

Dees

Baraas

2014

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A

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“…4 A few investigators have conjectured that some individuals who possess four photopigments in their retinas might have a dimension of perceptual experience that is not experienced by trichromat individuals (Deeb & Motulsky, 1996;Mollon, 1992Mollon, , 1995. 5 As discussed by Cohn, Emmerich, and Carlson (1989) heterozygous females fail to be detected by the use of an anomaloscope, although there are reported shifts in their anomaloscope color matches (Crone, 1959;Feig & Ropers, 1978;Krill & Beutler, 1964;Pickford, 1959;Schmidt, 1955), as well as shifts using flicker photometry (Crone, 1959;Ya-suma, Tokuda, & Ichikawa, 1984). However unlike normal controls, these heterozygotes exhibit failures of additivity of trichromatic color matches after exposure to a light bleaching of the rod system (Nagy et al, 1981).…”

Section: The Biological Basis Of Trichromacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Richer color experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes

Jameson

Highnote

Wasserman

2001

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

143

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Traditional color vision theory posits that three types of retinal photopigments transduce light into a trivariate neural color code, thereby explaining color-matching behaviors. This principle of trichromacy is in need of reexamination in view of molecular genetics results suggesting that a substantial percentage of women possess more than three classes of retinal photopigments. At issue is the question of whether four-photopigment retinas necessarily yield trichromatic color perception. In the present paper, we review results and theory underlying the accepted photoreceptor-based model of trichromacy. A review of the psychological literature shows that gender-linked differences in color perception warrant further investigation of retinal photopigment classes and color perception relations. We use genetic analyses to examine an important position in the gene sequence, and we empirically assess and compare the color perception of individuals possessing more than three retinal photopigment genes with those possessing fewer retinal photopigment genes. Women with four-photopigment genotypes are found to perceive significantly more chromatic appearances in comparison with either male or female trichromat controls. We provide a rationale for this previously undetected finding and discuss implications for theories of color perception and gender differences in color behavior.

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“…Luminous efficiency functions have been used by several groups as a way of estimating the relative number of L-and M-cones in the retinal area within which it is measured (e.g., Adam, 1969;Crone, 1959;De Vries, 1946, 1948aDobkins, Thiele, & Albright, 2000;Gunther & Dobkins, 2002;Kremers, Scholl, Knau, Berendschot, & Sharpe, 2000;Lutze, Cox, Smith, & Pokorny, 1990;Rushton & Baker, 1964;Smith & Pokorny, 1975;Vimal, Pokorny, Smith, & Shevell, 1989;Vos & Walraven, 1971). The assumption underlying such estimates is that the L-cone weight a 2 (" 2 xM 2,1 /L 2,1 , in our model) directly reflects the relative numbers of the L-and M-cones contributing to luminous efficiency.…”

Section: Luminous Efficiency and Relative L-and M-cone Numerositymentioning

confidence: 99%

The dependence of luminous efficiency on chromatic adaptation

et al. 2008

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We investigated the dependence of luminous efficiency on background chromaticity by measuring 25-Hz heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) matches in six genotyped male observers on 21 different 1000-photopic-troland adapting fields: 14 spectral ones ranging from 430 to 670 nm and 7 bichromatic mixtures of 478 and 577 nm that varied in luminance ratio. Each function was analyzed in terms of the best-fitting linear combination of the long- (L) and middle- (M) wavelength sensitive cone fundamentals of A. Stockman and L. T. Sharpe (2000). Taking into account the adapting effects of both the backgrounds and the targets, we found that luminous efficiency between 603 and 535 nm could be predicted by a simple model in which the relative L- and M-cone weights are inversely proportional to the mean cone excitations produced in each cone type multiplied by a single factor, which was roughly independent of background wavelength (and may reflect relative L:M cone numerosity). On backgrounds shorter than 535 nm and longer than 603 nm, the M-cone contribution to luminous efficiency falls short of the proportionality prediction but most likely for different reasons in the two spectral regions.

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Spectral Sensitivity in Color-Defective Subjects and Heterozygous Carriers*

Cited by 58 publications

References 10 publications

Performance of normal females and carriers of color-vision deficiencies on standard color-vision tests

Performance of normal females and carriers of color-vision deficiencies on standard color-vision tests

Richer color experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes

The dependence of luminous efficiency on chromatic adaptation

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