Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Sugars

Timell, T. E.; Glaudemans, Cornelis P.J.; Currie, A. L.

doi:10.1021/ac60120a030

Cited by 153 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Glucose was estimated in barium hydroxide filtrates (24) by the 0-amino-diphenyl method of Timell, Glaudemans and Currie (25). This procedure was chosen because none of the compounds studied, with the exception of acetylphenylhydrazine, interfered with the color reaction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substances Stimulating Glucose Catabolism by the Oxidative Reactions of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Human Erythrocytes*

Szeinberg¹,

Marks²

1961

J. Clin. Invest.

118

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Mature human erythrocytes possess the enzymes necessary to catabolize glucose to CO2 via pentose phosphate pathway or to lactic acid via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. These cells are deficient in certain enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In the non-nucleated red cells, the oxidative reactions of pentose phosphate pathway appear to be the sole mechanism for glucose conversion to CO2 and for the generation of TPNH (2, 3). Several investigators have suggested that a major factor in the control of the rate of glucose catabolism via the pentose phosphate pathway is the metabolic demand for TPNH (4-6). It has been demonstrated that addition of dyes capable of acting as electron acceptors from TPNH (i.e., methylene blue, phenazine methosulphate, pyocyanin) increases the rate of activity of this pathway in erythrocytes, liver slices and mammary glands (7-9). Stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway by pyruvate in bovine corneal epithelium, by insulin in rat mammary tissue, and by ammonium salts in yeasts has been ascribed to supply of substrates requiring TPNH for their metabolism or to stimulation of enzyme systems which utilize TPNH (8,(10)(11)(12).Among the systems requiring TPNH is that involved in the maintenance of glutathione in the reduced state (13). It has been demonstrated that human erythrocytes deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) are unable to maintain their level of reduced glutathione upon incubation with a variety of agents, such as acetylphenylhydrazine, primaquine, ascorbic acid, alpha naphthol, nitrofurantoin, cysteine and fava * This work was supported in part by Grants CY 2332 and RG 7368 of the United States Public Health Service. A preliminary report of a portion of these data has appeared in abstract form (1). bean extract ( 14-19). This finding suggests that such substances might produce a relative insufficiency in the supply of TPNH either by inhibiting reactions in which TPNH is generated or by leading to an increase in the requirement for this coenzyme which exceeds the maximal capacity of cells deficient in G6PD. It is possible to distinguish between these mechanisms by determining whether these substances inhibit or stimulate the rate of oxidation of glucose by the reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway. In this investigation a study has been made of the effect of the physiological substancescysteine, ascorbic acid and pyruvate-and of agents which can cause hemolytic anemia-acetylphenylhydrazine, nitrofurantoin, a-and-3-naphthol, primaquine and fava bean extract-on the rate of glucose oxidation via the pentose phosphate pathway by red cells. Observations have been made with erythrocytes from normal subjects and from persons with a genetically determined deficiency of G6PD. It has been found that these substances increase the oxidation rate of glucose carbon atom 1 to CO2 by red cells, but not the rate of glucose conversion to lactic acid. The stimulatory effect of these substances is much greater with erythrocytes with normal levels of G6PD than with cells fr...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substances Stimulating Glucose Catabolism by the Oxidative Reactions of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Human Erythrocytes*

Szeinberg¹,

Marks²

1961

J. Clin. Invest.

118

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“…A snlall portion of the mixture of neutral sugars was resolved on the paper chromatogram with solvent mixture C. Each paper strip was eluted with water and the concentration of the sugar \\as determined by the o-aminodiphenyl method (7). The average value of three determinations was used.…”

Section: Qllanfitative Ilnalysis Of the Nelltral Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Constitution of a Hemicellulose From Sugar Maple (Acer Saccharum)

Timell¹

1959

Can. J. Chem.

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Partial hydrolysis of the main hemicellulose constituent of sugar maple (ilcer saccharntlz) has yielded D-xyloSe, D-galacturonic acid, 4-0-methyl-D-gl~rcuronic acid, and 2-0-(4-0-methyla-D-glucosyluronic acid)-D-xplose. Hydrolysis of the fully methylated polysaccharide gave a mixture of 2-0-and 3-O-methyl-D-xylose, 2,3-di-0-n1ethyl-~-xylose, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-~-xplose, and 2-0-(2,3,4-tri-0-n~etl~yl-a-~-gl~1cosyluronic acid)-3-0-methyl-D-sylose in a mole ratio of 3 : 111 : 1 : 12. The number-average degrees of polymerization of the native and the lnethylated polysaccharide were 205 and 149, respectively. These data indicate that the hemicellulose is composed of a linear chain of 1,4-linked P -D -x~~o s~ residues and that on the ax-erage every tenth residue of the chain carries a ternlinal 4-O-methyl-~-glucuronic acid residue attached through its C?. The structure of tile polysaccharide is similar to that of the main hernicellulose component of European beech, \\,bite birch, and yello\\-birch.Sugar maple is an inlportani hardwood species in the lort the astern part of this continent. Ritter and co-worlcers (1, 2) have st~idied the general conlposition of various he~nicellulose fractions from this wood and chromatographic evidence for the presence of 4-0-methyl glucuronic acid has been reported by Nelson and Schuerch (3). The structure of the same hemicellulose has been s t~~d i e d by Neubauer and Purves (4), who concluded that the polysaccharide ~7 a s composed of a branched baclcbone of 1,4-linked xylose residues, some of which carried terrniiial 0-methyl glucuro~~ic acid residues. I n a previous investigation (5) the molecular properties of a native cellulose from sugar maple were studied. The present paper is concerned with the constitution and properties of the main heniicellulose component of this species. RESULTS AKD DISCIiSSIONThe high pentosan content of the \vood (18.5%) indicated that the preponderant l~emicellulose \vas a xylan. When the mood was extracted wit11 alkali, a heinicellulose was obtained in a yield of 12.4%, giving D-x).~os~ and three uronic acid compounds on partial hydrolysis. The sugar acids were separated from the xylose oil ail anion exchange resin and the mixture obtained was resolved on a charcoal coluil~n to yield galacturonic acid, 4-0-illethyl gluc~~ronic acid, and an aldobiouronic acid. T h e hexuro~iic acids were identified cI~ron1atographical1~-whereas the structure of the aldobiouronic acid was proved by the following experiments.Reduction of the methyl glycoside methyl ester of the alclobiouro~iic acid followecl by l~ydrolysis gave D -X J~~O S~ and 4-0-methyl-D-glucose. When the neutral disaccharide was methylated to completion and hydrolyzed, :-1,4-di-0-rneth~~l-~-xylose and 2,3,4,6-tetra-0-niethyl-D-glucose were obtained. This evidence, together with the specific rotation of the compound (+100°) (G), sholvecl that the acid was 2-0-(~-O-1nethyl-or-~-~~1cosyluro1lic acid)-D-xylose.;\lIethanolysis of the fully methl.lated hemicell~ilose gave a inixture of glycosides...

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“…The residual aqueous solution contained a mixture of sugars which was resolved by paper ionophoresis to give 2-0-methyl-D-xylose together with a smaller quantity of 3-0-methyl-D-xylose. A portion of the inixture of neutral sugars was resolved by paper chroinatography and subjected to quailtitative analysis (12). The molar ratio of mono-, di-, and tri-0-substituted xyloses was 1.1: 38:l. The yield of the partially methylated aldobiouroilic acid indicated the presence of 6 inoles of aldobiouronic acid per mole of tri-0-methyl xylose, corresponding to 8 moles of xylose residues per acid group, in accordance with the above evidence.…”

Section: And Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A small portion of the mixture of neutral sugars was resolved on the paper chromatogram with solvent mixture D. The appropriate paper strips were eluted with water and the concentration of each sugar solution was determined by the o-aminodiphenyl method (12). The average value of six determinations was used.…”

Section: Quantitative Analysis Of the Nezttral Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Constitution of a Methyl Glucuronoxylan From Kapok (Ceiba Pentandra)

Currie¹,

Timell²

1959

Can. J. Chem.

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The seed hairs of lcapolc (Ceiba penlandra) on alkaline extraction have yielded a hcrnicellulose composed of xylose and uronic acid residues. Partial hydrolysis of the polysaccharide gave 2-0-(4-0-methyl-~-~-9-lucopyranospl~1ronic a~i t l ) -D -~y l o p y r a l~~s~, 4-0-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, and, probably, galacturonic acid. Hydrolysis of the fully methylated hemicellulose yielded a mixture of 2-0-and 3-0-meth>~l-~-sylose, 2,s-di-0-methyl-D--lose, 2,3,4-tri-o-rnethyl-~-xylose, and 2-0-(2,3,4-tri-0-methy~-a-~-~copyra1ios)~1roic acid)-3-0-methyl-D-xylopyranose in a niolar ratio of 1.1 : 38: 1: 6. The number-average D.P. of the native and the methylated polysaccharides was 177 and 124, respectively. On the basis of this and other evidence it is suggested that the average hemicellulose rnolccule contains approximately 180 1,4-linked P-D-~ylopyraII~se residues, one eighth of which carry a singlc tcrrnilial side chain of 4-0-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, attached through a n a-glycosidic bond to C ? of the sylose. The xylan frameworlc contains, on the avcrage, slightly less than two branching points per macromolecule, most of them probably originating from C3. The number of acid side chains and branches is twice as large as that of the otherwise similar 4-0-methyl glucuronosylan present in the seed hairs of rnillcweed floss.In previous investigations the general cheinical composition of the seed hairs of kapok was studied (1) as well as the molecular characteristics of their cellulose component (2, 3). The present paper is concerned with the structure and properties of the main heinicellulose constituent. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe high pentosan content (24.4Y0) of the extractive-free seed hairs indicated that the predominant he~nicellulose was based on xylose residues. The considerable amounts of acetyl (8.0%) and uronic anhydride (6.6y0) groups present as well as the forlliation of a methylated glucuronic acid on hydrolysis of the fibers suggested that the polysaccharide in its native state was a partially acetylated methyl glucuronoxylan. When kapok fibers were extracted with aqueous alkali a deacetylated product was obtained in a yield of 18.870, containing 83.3y0 pentosan and with [a]; -G8O in water. Its content of ash, methoxyl, and uroilic anhydride indicated the presence of an average of 7.8 anhydroxylose units per methylated uronic acid.Partial acid hydrolysis of the hemicell~~lose gave a mixture of sugars which was resolved into a neutral and an acidic portion on a column of anion exchange resin. The neutral part contained mostly D-xylose which crystallized but also traces of glucose, mannose, arabinose, and rhamnose. Elution of the column with dilute acetic acid yielded three sugar acids, namely a monouronic acid, chromatographically identical with galacturonic acid, an aldobiouroilic acid, and a mono-0-methyl monouronic acid.The methoxyl content and equivalent weight of the aldobiouronic acid suggested that it consisted of a methoxyuronic acid linked to a pentose residue. A portion of the acid was c...

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Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Sugars

Cited by 153 publications

References 13 publications

Substances Stimulating Glucose Catabolism by the Oxidative Reactions of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Human Erythrocytes*

Substances Stimulating Glucose Catabolism by the Oxidative Reactions of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Human Erythrocytes*

The Constitution of a Hemicellulose From Sugar Maple (Acer Saccharum)

The Constitution of a Methyl Glucuronoxylan From Kapok (Ceiba Pentandra)

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